Project Quality Management By Separating Its Primary...

1. Explain project quality management by separating its primary components. There are three different components of project quality management which are planning quality, performing quality assurance and performing quality control. †¢ Planning Quality - This is when you know which standards are crucial to complete the project while maintaining a quality end result. The output of this process includes quality plans, checklists and updates to the project documents. †¢ Performing Quality Assurance This is basically a periodical evaluation of the overall projects performance to ensure that the quality of the project meets the standards set in place. Rather than wait until the end and hope you have a quality product, monitoring it through†¦show more content†¦(Schwalbe, 2011). 2. Illustrate the three main outcomes of quality control using examples from real or fictionally projects that follow a software development lifecycle. Guy s speaker shack develops high end custom speakers for their clients and are currently working on an order for a local movie theater that needs thirty identical speakers that can produce all possible audible frequencies for all ten theater room. With such a large order the customer wants to have the speakers installed in the first theater room before moving on the develop the remaining speakers. After the speakers are installed in the first room we are at the acceptance decision outcome of quality control. Here if the product performs to the desired specifications it will be a confirmed deliverable. During the testing the customer notices that the necessary mid range frequency are missing and decide to reject them which now sends them to the rework outcome of quality control. In the rework outcome the defect in the speakers need to be determined and repaired. This will be a costly issue as we need to determine the issue and when the issue is identified repair it. When determining the cause of the defect it is determined that the mid range speaker drivers used were defective from the manufacture. after replacing them the problem is resolved. For the remainder of the project we should ensure we are using the process adjustment that uses the quality control measurements to ensure that the

Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House - 1529 Words

Nora and Christina Switch Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House questions the gender roles of women in society through its characters, namely Nora Helmer and Christina Linden, before and after marriage. What are gender roles exactly? Gender roles are the combination is specific gender stereotypes that consist of the perceptions of the society of what an ideal male/female should act like (Lindsey and Christy). This paper aims to question whether the gender roles of Nora Helmer and Christina Linden of Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House are switched or not. The positions of both women as a daughter, a sister, an employee, a mother, a wife and a partner in the society are questioned. A Dolls House focuses on the relationship of Torvald and Nora Helmer, a†¦show more content†¦As a woman, a mother and a wife, Nora Helmer did technically fulfill her duties towards her family and the society. She diligently fulfilled all her obligations for a time being but at one point stopped and thought about wha t she wanted. As a woman, Nora was the perfect girl. To society, she acted as if she was the most modest and diligent wife there was and in truth, she was for a time being. The gender roles had changed only after her marriage. Nora Helmer had been treated as a doll for too long and eventually realized it herself. Once this realization came, she left the household and went on to become independent. This is where the switching of gender roles came in. The idea that Nora had more power is opposite to what Eagly and Steffen believes a stereotypical woman is – Women are more likely than men to hold positions of lower status and authority (735). The context of Nora as a character is very feminist due to the fact that she subverts all the traditional notions of what a woman as a wife and a mother should be. Before she left her family, she was depicted as an obedient and loving wife but at the near end of the play, both these qualities were reversed. She became the mother who had le ft her children and her husband to be able to educate herself. She became selfish and independent which is the reason why she was able to switch gender roles and be like similar to the traditional characteristics ofShow MoreRelatedHenrik Ibsen’s Symbolism in A Doll House695 Words   |  3 PagesA Doll House was written in 1879 by playwright Henrik Ibsen. Ibsen is known as the creator of modern realistic style drama. The play tells the story of a nineteenth century woman who breaks the chains of society that decide her role in life so that she can find herself. The woman, Nora, lives a relaxed and seemingly untroubled life until her husband Torvald Helmer becomes sick. She then must forge her father’s name on a contract that would allow her to borrow enough money from a lawyer named NilsRead MoreEssay about Henrik Ibsens A Doll House1208 Words   |  5 PagesNora, a woman of mystery, a child if you will, and an ecstatic character is introduced in the very beginning in A Doll House as a jumpy little â€Å"squirrel, â€Å"full of energy seemingly unaware or the world and turns out as a completely different woman as she becomes wiser, sophisticated, developing a feeling of high independency due to interactions with various characters which restructure her character. Nora’s refinement was due to dilemmas with characters such as Krogstad whom she forges her father’sRead MoreDemonstrating Womens Rights in Henrik Ibsens Play, A Doll House786 Words   |  3 PagesThe playwright, Henrik Ibsen, uses this play as an instrument to open our eyes to a different view of what life was like for women back then. Many of his critics view his play as a demonstration of humanism, even though as the play evolves, the audience is able to distinguish how women wanted to be love, considered, and treated; instead of how they were actually interpreted. In 1879, in a quaint doll house lived a family and their house staff, a play by Henrik Ibsen: â€Å"A Doll House†. Nora, the wifeRead MoreNora – a Classical Hero in Henrik Ibsens a Doll`S House2683 Words   |  11 PagesNora – A Classical Hero in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll`s House Nora Helmer makes the right decision to free herself from the social and traditional commitments and obligations and come and become an independent individual. Nora Helmer in Isbens A Dolls House lived in the world of predetermined social and societal constraints that made her deprived her of her freedom and happiness. The society in which she lived wanted people to live according to the rigidly set norms and standards of the societyRead More Reasons Nora Helmer Must Leave Her Husband in Henrik Ibsens A Doll House1720 Words   |  7 PagesReasons Nora Helmer Must Leave Her Husband in Henrik Ibsens A Doll House Foreward: Henrik Ibsens A Doll House (aka A Dolls House) is so rich in moral, political, and metaphysical (if one is to regard such matters as selfhood and identity as metaphysical) insights and criticisms that it is hard to imagine how one could absorb it all in one sitting. Its moral message was very bold in its day and remains so in the more slowly progressing parts of the world, like North America. InstitutionsRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House1563 Words   |  7 Pages In the play, A Doll House by Henrik Ibsen, the title itself symbolizes the dependent and degraded role of the wife within traditional marriages. Ibsen portrayed the generous nature root into women by society, as well as the significant action of this nature, and lastly the need for them to find their own voice in a world ruled by men. Ibsen wrote this play in 1879, this is the era where women were obedient to men, tend the children until their husband came home, and stood by the Cult of DomesticityRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll s House1005 Words   |  5 PagesReaders of Henrik Ibsen work will notice he tends to incorporate everyday problems into his work. Ibsen use of everyday problem gives audience better insight to better relate to his plays, and reflect upon their own situations which would also make his plays believable. Ibsen would make his endings occasionally open-ended. Ibsen would do this, so audience members could think for themselves. It would be up to the crowd’s own interpretation on how the characters would continue life. In The EnglishRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House Essay1501 Words   |  7 PagesHenrik Ibsen’s play â€Å"A Doll House† was set in the Victorian era, a time where women were highly respected. Women in this time period did not work, they had nannies to take care of their children and maids to take care of their homes. Many women had no real responsibilities, they spent their time having tea parties and socializing with their friends. Henrik Ibsen dared to show the realism of the Victorian era while everyone else would only focus on the romantic aspect. In the play, â€Å"A Doll House†Read MoreRights of Women in the Nineteenth Century and in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House1103 Words   |  5 PagesHenrik Ibsen, who was born in Norway but made his name internationally, was a painter as well as the one of most famous playwrights during the period of Realism. Ibsen’s plays are well- known by the themes of domestic and political issues and conflict in nineteenth century. Scholars call it â€Å"Ibsen’s problems play† (Henrik Ibsen, 650). In addition, in Ibsen’s plays, the general topics that are usually discussed are hypocrisy of the society, restriction of women, and the self-sacrifice. Under theRead More Noras Symbolism in Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House Essay973 Words   |  4 PagesNoras Symbolism in Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House      Ã‚  Ã‚   In every society power is the bringer of fortune and influence. In his play A Dolls House, Henrik Ibsen portrays, through the character of Nora, the power women are gaining in patriarchal societies. Nora, who symbolizes all women, exercises her power throughout the entire play. She cleverly manipulates the men around her while, to them, she seems to be staying in her subordinate role. In all three acts of the play Nora controls many

Management Consultancy for Organizations Implementing

Question: Discuss about the Management Consultancy for Organizations Implementing. Answer: Introduction: In case of the public sector management consultancy projects, this project has to deliver high value and very complex decision making process. In addition to that, having a large scope and scale of clients it has to consider a wide range of interests from different stakeholders than the private sector management consultancy projects which have a limited number of stakeholders; thus easier process of decision making compared to the public sector (Sturdy,Wylie and Wright 2013). The reason behind this can be stated as the volatile and unstable environment of the public sector organizations which makes the decision making process more complex than the private sector management consultancy projects. Another difference is related to competency. The organizations that have weaker competence of solving different operations and business problems have much more requirement of management consultancy projects (Baaij 2013). In case of the public sector organizations, it is observed that they have better competence against the different operational problems compared to the private sectors. Thus the private sectors require much more management consultancy projects than the public sector organizations. The last difference is the available resources for the management consultancy projects. The public sectors having better financial resources can afford better management consultancy projects than the private sector organizations. Change in the objectives for consultancy project for a profit and non-profit organization The management consultancy is all about helping the client organization in improving their efficiency of their business processes (Radnor and OMahoney 2013). This is mainly done by analyzing the problem with the exiting operational and strategic problems. Both the organizations (Profit and non profit) ask help from the management consulting firm for several reasons, few of them can be stated as, In order to get the external advice for the different business problems. To have access to the specialized expertise of the consultants. In case of the noon profit organization, it tries to reduce the costs for the different services they provide to the people and improve the value for money and quality of the services (Sturdy, Wylie and Wright 2013). Thus it can be said that, in case of the non- profit organizations, it uses the services of the management consultancy services to add value to the services they provide. On the other hand, for the profit organizations it can be said that, the main objective for the management consultancy projects is to achieve better efficiency of the different business process. This in turn helps in increasing the productivity of the organization. As an example of using the management consulting in the public sector is development of King Abdullah Economic City (KAEC) by the government of Saudi Arabia in collaboration with McKinsey company to accommodate its increasing population at the developed city by the end of 2020. In addition to that, this area is also used by the different pha rmaceutical companies to decrease the import of pharmaceutical products (Pizam, Okumus and Hutchinson 2013). References Baaij, M., 2013.An Introduction to Management Consultancy. Sage. Pizam, A., Okumus, F. and Hutchinson, J., 2013. Forming a long-term industry-university partnership: The case of Rosen College of Hospitality Management.Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes,5(3), pp.244-254. Radnor, Z. and O'Mahoney, J., 2013. The role of management consultancy in implementing operations management in the public sector.International Journal of Operations Production Management,33(11/12), pp.1555-1578. Sturdy, A., Wylie, N. and Wright, C., 2013. Management consultancy and organizational uncertainty: the case of internal consultancy.International Studies of Management Organization,43(3), pp.58-73.

Mark Twain Essays (594 words) - Mark Twain, Mississippi River

Mark Twain Samuel Langhorne Clemens is better known as Mark Twain, the distinguished novelist, short story writer, essayist, journalist, and literary critic who ranks among the great figures of American Literature. Twain was born in Florida Missouri, in 1835, To John Marshall Clemens and Jane Lampton. As a new born Twain already had moved four times westward. In 1839 the family moved again, this time eastward to Hannibal, Missouri. Hannibal was a frontier town of less than 500 residents. As small as the town was it offered valuable materials and opportunities for a young writer. Most of the residents knew Samuel well, considering they were on the lower half of the social scale, such as poor whites and slaves. The town of Hannibal was mostly used for farmers coming in from the countryside. It was also a river town, swamped with travelers moving up stream and down stream. Some of the travelers were steamboat men, circus performers, minstrel companies, and showboat actors. Since all this action was going on all the time, that opened a big door to the beginning of Samuel's stories. It provided a huge source of literary material. Shortly after the death of his father in 1847, he ended the brief period of his schooling to become a printer's apprentice. Like many nineteenth century authors, he was preparing for his writing career later in life. Working as a Printer's apprentice he got practice as a typesetter and miscellaneous reading. The first thing Samuel wrote as a used piece was a few skits for his brothers Orion's Hannibal newspaper and a sketch, for The Dandy Frightening The Squatter, published in Boston in 1852. The first real book ever published by Mark Twain was Life on the Mississippi River. Between 1853 and 1857 Clemens worked a journeyman printer in seven different places. During this trip of making sketches and writing stories, he began eastward by boat. Twain started writing letters telling about his visits to New York and the Middle West in 1867. On his trip he seemed to have gotten him self in a lot a trouble such as disorderly conduct. After time passed Mark kept writing short stories here and there and a few sketches also. However, in 1869 he became part owner of the Buffalo Express. In 1870 Mark met the girl of his dreams and Olivia Langdon and Samuel Clemens were married in late 1870 in Elmira, New York. In 1884 Mark Twain wrote one of his most popular stories Called The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn. Although Clemens had a remarkable financial success with all of the books he had wrote, he found himself bankrupt by 1894. After the death of his daughter in 1896 and his wife in 1904 he became incredibly bitter and needed to express his feelings in some way so he wrote a book called The Mysterious Stranger In Twain's later years he did not write as much but began doing more public appearances. Twain spent the last three years of his life finishing his autobiography, including stories from his life and the death of his beloved wife and daughter Four months after finishing the book, on the evening of April 10,1910,Twain flipped through one of his books and said goodbye to his doctor waiting at his bedside. That evening Twain passed away leaving the world with only the memory of him through his writing Samuel Clemens or you could say Mark Twain still lives on in reader's hearts and minds everywhere. Bibliography Edwards, William. The life of Mark Twain. 1999 http://www.midkan.cm/salinasouth/twain/mark/bio.htm. Jones, Marvy. Famous Authors From The 18th Century. St Louis, MO: Randler Publishing, 1984 Killingsworth, Jacob. Research Paper Online. 1999 http://www.yahoo.search.mark+twain.com. Lewis, Julie. The Life of Mark Twain. New York, NY: River House

Shania Woodard Essays - Digital Media, Human Behavior, Mass Media

Shania Woodard ENGL1133 Comp ll Professor Dixon July 10, 2018 Argumentative Essay Are Rolex Watches trendy? Rolex watch give the feel of luxury status about someone way of life and taste. A Rolex watch is like being rewarded with a prize except it not FREE! Being a company that makes up all its own parts, it a historic watchmaker that work so well on design, it easy to fix and highly reliable. Rolex watches are one of the furthermost appeal luxury brands and making sure to keep its reputation on lock. On the other hand, others feel it is a massive waste of money, the design is stale, and they most likely fo r old men. Rolex has advanced from keeping its product as simple as possible with a consistent method. From basic luxury models to diamond-encrusted gold watches, Rolex holds a much more value than a mere timepiece. Is Social Media Good or Bad? Social media had been the new development concept in our daily lives so much that it used, and its effects had put a toad on the world. Some tend to focus on the negative outcome, while others try to get the positive impact on people using the social media. Social media had the incredible potential for connecting, flourishing, and developing a personal network for people daily lives. As for my perspective, social media is immensely tool becoming attached to the media and staying on Twitter can destroy someone life. After looking back, I realize that social media will not always be satisfied these needs of those who wish upon a lifestyle like other. It is immersing into our lives in a way this network had changed the society; physically, mentally, and emotionally. Don't Drink Drive Drinking and driving has become a dramatically problem in America . The number of irrational driving die each year d ue to alcohol , cause put themselves in danger as well the people surround them. Why would a person so intoxicant want to put his/her life in danger? Most accidents are teen alcohol related, and many teens lose their lives in these accidents. P eople died in drunk driving crashes every 50 minutes or so . D rinking and driving is not right ! It is not worth the consequences, of taking someone else life even in a conscious mind zone. For solution every person for drinking and driving get caught should serve 30 days in jail. Is drinking and driving worth the life risk? Is the life of an innocents' person worth risking entire future upon? We as human need to do better in our communities to make sure innocent lives are at free risk. Do not DRINK and DRIVE people! Are we beginning to depend too much on technology? As the 21 centuries has progressed with the technology, can we still be determined in our future? Technology has been the essence of our daily lives, as it helps shape the future in society. Like education, medicine, industry, and transportation, technology has been a good use in most cases. But let not forget it can be a burden to other as it affects the society with negatively, weaken the relationship with family, becoming lazier, and weakening memories of people. Although technology has its downside, it has made a tremendous impact in the world. We just have to make sure technology does not over control us!

Algebra in Day to Day Life Essay Example

Algebra in Day to Day Life Essay Example Algebra in Day to Day Life Essay Algebra in Day to Day Life Essay shows him to be _______________ (a) a ruthless manipulator (b) an honourable man (c) a loyal friend (d) a tactful man Answer 5(10): (c) a loyal friend Question 6(a): How do the heavens blaze forth the death of Julius Caesar? Answer 6(a): Calpurnia sees horrible and frightening dreams. She saw a lioness giving birth on the streets, fierce warriors fighting a bloody fight and blood falling on the Capitol, ghosts shrieking and squealing in the streets, the dead coming out of the grave. All these were unnatural happenings and indicated bad omen. Thus heavens â€Å"blaze forth† the death of Julius Caesar. Question 6(b): What does Calpurnia try to convince Caesar of? Answer 6(b): Calpurnia tries to convince Caesar that he should not go out of the house that day as some mishap might happen. She describes her frightening dreams to Caesar and tells him that they indicate bad omen. She tells him for his safety he should not step out of the house. Question 6(c): Why does Calpurnia say Caesars wisdom is consumed in confidence? What does she mean? Answer 6(c): Calpurnia says that Caesars wisdom is consumed in confidence because Caesar decides to go to the Senate ignoring all the signs which foretell him about danger. Calpurnia felt that Caesar had become overconfident and because of this he couldn’t understand there was a threat to his life. Julius doesn’t act wise and declines the idea of staying back because if he did so, he would be considered a coward Question 6(d): What does Calpurnia dream about Caesar? How does Decius Brutus interpret the dream? Answer 6(d): Calpurnia dreamed that Caesar’s statue spouted blood from a hundred places and many Roman people came and washed their hands in it. Decius Brutus interprets it as a lucky and fortunate dream. He says that Rome and Romans will get a new life. Great man shall gather around Caesar and stain their handkerchief in his blood. Distinguished men will get honour at his hands and everything relating to him will be held in utmost reverence. Question 6(e): What are the arguments put forward by Decius Brutus to convince Caesar to go to the Capitol? Answer 6(e): Decius Brutus is a clever man. The arguments put forward by Decius Brutus were that the Senate had decided to present Caesar a crown and if he did not go, then they might change their minds. All this convinces Caesar to go to the Capitol. Question 6(f): Why is Decius more successful than Calpurnia in persuading Caesar? Answer 6(f): Decius Brutus is a great flatterer. He is more successful in persuading Caesar than Calpurnia because his argument appeals to Caesar’s pride. While Calpurnia wishes that Caesar stay at home after seeing horrible dreams, Decius Brutus interprets the dreams lucky and fortunate. According to him, they signify Caesar’s power and influence. He gives Caesar’s ego a boost. Caesar is totally carried away by his words and decides to go to the Capitol. Question 6(g): What is the petition put before Caesar by the conspirators? How does Caesar respond to it? Answer 6(g): The conspirators want that Caesar should call Publius Cimber home as he had banished him. They request him to review his earlier decision. However, Caesar is no mood to relent. He tells the conspirators that he is firm like a Pole Star. His heart will not be softened by bowing and stooping activities and if Mettellus Cimber continues such activities, he would turn him away like a street dog. Question 6(h): Who says Et tu Brute? When are these words spoken? Why? Answer 6(h): These words are spoken by Caesar when Brutus along with other conspirators stabs Caesar. Caesar was stabbed in the Senate House and Brutus too stabs him. Caesar had not expected Brutus to behave in such a treacherous manner. As he tries to defend himself, with his broken heart, he says ‘Et tu Brute’. Question 6(i): In the moments following Caesars death what do the conspirators proclaim to justify Caesars death? Answer 6(i): After Caesar’s death, the conspirators claim that with Caesar’s death tyranny has ended in Rome. They shout slogans like ‘Peace, Liberty, Freedom and Enfranchisement’. They say that although Caesar was a great man, he had become too ambitious. Question 6(j): Seeing the body of Caesar, Antony is overcome by grief. What does he say about Caesar? Answer 6(j): Antony is filled with grief and sorrow on seeing mighty Caesar lying on the ground. He says â€Å"O mighty Caesar! Dost thou lie so low? / Are all they conquests, glories, triumphs, spoils,/ Shrunk to this little measure? / Fare thee well. † He said he was totally ignorant of the conspirator’s intentions. He is willing to die at their hands. His life is not as valuable as Caesar’s and he will think himself as fortunate if he is killed by the same sword as the one which killed Caesar. He bids Caesar a sorrowful farewell. He believed that Caesar brought glories, victories and gains in war to the city of Rome. Question 6(k): Whom does Antony call the choice and master spirits of this age? Why? Answer 6(k): Antony calls the conspirators â€Å"the choice and master spirits of this age†. He says this because they had just killed the leader of the Roman Empire Question 6(l): How do Brutus and Cassius respond to Antonys speech? Answer 6(l): Cassius tells Brutus to prevent him to speak at Caesar’s funeral. He knew that Antony was a great orator and his speech will influence the audience. At this Brutus tells that he will address the public first giving reasons for Caesar’s death. Antony will only speak after him and with their consent Question 6(m): Why does Cassius object to allowing Antony to speak at Caesars funeral? How does Brutus overcome this objection? Answer 6(m): Cassius does not think it would be proper Antony should speak at Caesar’s funeral as his speech may change the mind of the audience. But Brutus tells that Antony would only speak with their consent and he will speak first and his speech will enumerate reasons for Caesar’s death. Question 6(n): What are the conditions imposed by the conspirators before allowing Antony to speak at Caesars funeral? Answer 6(n): The conditions imposed on Mark Antony were that in his funeral speech he would not blame the conspirators, but speak all good things about Caesar. He had to speak from the same pulpit as Brutus and tell the people that he did so by the conspirators’ permission. Question 6(o): When he is left alone with the body of Caesar what does Anthony call Brutus and the others? Answer 6(o): Antony prays that Caesar will pardon Antony if he has been meek and gentle with his murderers. Antony calls Caesar the most illustrious man the world has ever known. He curses the men who have killed him. Question 6(p): What prediction does Antony make regarding the future events in Rome? Answer 6(p): Antony says that the Romans will pay for the sin they have committed by murdering Caesar. A curse will fall upon them. The Romans will suffer from various terrible happenings. A furious civil war with bloodshed and destruction will occur in the country. Cruel deeds will be committed frequently. Mothers shall see their near and dear ones cut to pieces before their eyes. The soul of Caesar will roam to seek revenge of his death Question 6(q): What reasons does Brutus give for murdering Caesar? Answer 6(q): Brutus tells that he killed Caesar because he had become ambitious and wanted to be the king of Rome. He killed Caesar for the betterment of Rome. He was also ready to lay down his life for his country. He honoured Caesar as long as he was heroic but when he became ambitious he killed him. Question 6(r): Who says, Let him be Caesar? What light does this throw on the speaker? Answer 6(r): The third citizen says Let him be Caesar after Brutus has finished his speech justifying Caesar’s killing. Brutus in his speech proclaims that the public can kill him if he too becomes ambitious like Caesar. He has the same dagger for himself and he is willing to lay down his life for his country. The citizens are fully satisfied. They praise Brutus and show their sympathy for the act. Question 6(s): Why is Antonys speech more effective? Answer 6(s): Antony speech is more effective because it is genuine and full of emotions and feelings for Caesar. He very cleverly tells the crowd that Caesar was not ambitious rather he had refused the crown thrice. He enhanced the glory of Rome with his victories. He left 75 drachmas in his will to be given to every Roman. He left his gardens and property for the common use of the people. He tries to gain the sympathy of the people by showing Caesar’s wounded body. The mob is filled with anger after Antony’s speech and they rush to kill the conspirators Question 6(t): At the end of the scene what is the fate of Brutus and Cassius? Answer 6(t): After Antony’s speech, the mob is filled with anger. They rush to kill the conspirators. They burn their houses. Cassius and Brutus plan to face the enemy and discuss their strategy inside a tent. However, both start to quarrel violently but soon become friends. Cassius cannot handle defeat and commits suicide. The ghost of Caesar haunts Brutus. Brutus knows his end is near. He asks Starto to hold his sword, runs on it and dies Answer 7: Person| Extract from play| What it tells us about the character | Julius Caesar| 1. the things that threaten’ d me Ne’er look’d but on my back; when they shall see The face of Caesar, they are vanished. | 1. arrogant| | 2. Cowards die many times before their deaths;The valiant never taste of death but once. | 2. over-confident| | 3. What can be avoidedWhose end is purposed by the mighty gods? Yet Caesar shall go forth; for these predictionsAre to the world in general as to Caesar. | 3. fearless| | 4. I could be well moved, if I were as you:If I could pray to move, prayers would move me:But I am constant as the northern star,Of whose true-fixd and resting qualityThere is no fellow in the firmament. | 4. firm| | 5. Are all thy conquests, glories, triumphs, spoils,Shrunk to this little measure? | 5. great conqueror| | 6. To every Roman citizen he gives,To every several man, seventy-five drachmas. | 6. generous| Person| Extract from play| What it tells us about the character | Mark Antony | 1. That I did love thee, Caesar, O, tis true:If then thy spirit look upon us now,? He would not take the crown;Therefore tis certain he was not ambitious. | Argument | 1. I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him. | Does not wish to eulogise Caesar| 2. The noble Brutus Hath told you Caesar was ambitious: If it were so, it was a grievous fault, And grievously hath Caesar answered it. ? (b) What fears has the listener expressed? (c) What is the basis for the fears expressed? Answer 10(1): (a) Caesar is speaking to his wife Calpurnia. He speaks these words in response to Calpurnia’s pleadings that he should not go out of the house as his life might be in danger. b) Calpurnia has expressed a fear that the ominous signs during the night might mean that Caesar’s life is in danger. (c) The bases of her fears are the unearthly events during the previous night and the strange dream which she had. Question 10(2): But here’s a parchment with the seal of Cesar; I found it in his closet, ‘tis his will: Let but the commons hear this testament- Which, pardon me, I do not mean to read- And they would go and kiss dead Cesar’s wounds (a) Who speaks these words? Where is the speaker at this moment? (b)What are the contents of Caesar’s will that he is referring to? c) Why does the speaker read Caesar’s will to the citizens? (d) What is the reaction of the listeners to the reading of the will? Answer 10(2): (a) Mark Antony speaks these words. He is in the market place pulpit. (b) The contents of Ceasar’s will were as follows: To every Roman citizen he gave seventy-five drachmas. In addition to this, all his walks, orchards and gardens were to be opened to the public. (c) The speaker reads Caesar’s will to the audience to play on their sympathy, and to make Caesar look like a great, benevolent ruler. (d) On hearing the will, the citizens call Caesar noble, and pledge to avenge his death. Question 12(a): Why was the conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar hatched? Answer 12(a): The conspiracy to assassinate Caesar was hatched to prevent him from being crowned the king of Rome. Brutus and Cassius had a grudge against Caesar and they wished to have the power in their hands rather than with Caesar. Question 12(b): Was Caesar really ambitious? Find evidence from the play to support your answer. Answer 12(b): Caesar was not ambitious. He brought many glories and victories to Rome and Romans. He was kind and sympathetic person. He refused the crown thrice. Caesar was very compassionate. He understood the plight of the poor. He promised seventy-five drachmas to every Roman Question 12(c): What was Cassius motive for murdering Julius Caesar? Answer 12(c): Cassius was jealous of Caesar’s growing power and influence. In fact he didn’t wish to see him as the great conqueror of the world. He didn’t want that Caesar should rule the Romans and that is why he wished to murder him Question 12(d): Why was it essential for the conspirators to include Brutus in the conspiracy? Answer 12(d): Brutus was a staunch patriot. He thought that Caesar was a dictator. He was a great friend of Caesar but he joined hands with the conspirators to free Rome from Caesar’s tyranny. He felt that for the welfare, liberty and freedom of Rome, it was necessary that Caesar should be killed. It was necessary for the conspirators to include Brutus as he was friends with Caesar and Caesar would trust him completely. Question 12(e): What were the mistakes made by Brutus that led to the failure of the conspiracy? Answer 12(e): Casca, Cinna, and Cassius jealous of Caesar’s growing power decide to murder him. Meanwhile, Brutus wants that the Romans should be free from the tyranny of Caesar. He, along with other conspirators, decides to kill Caesar. Cassius and Brutus take Caesar to Capitol and stab him. Antony realizes the conspiracy to kill Caesar. He seeks Brutus’ permission to speak at Caesar’s funeral. Brutus agrees and after his speech, Antony speaks. Antony instigates the mob against the conspirators. Brutus and Cassius are forced to kill themselves. The mistake of letting Antony address the mob led to the failure of conspiracy Question 12(f): Comment on Caesars friendship with Antony. Answer 12(f): Antony was a dear friend of Caesar. He did not agree with Brutus that Caesar was an ambitious person who wanted to rule over Rome. In fact he was ready to lay down his life for Rome. After Brutus’ speech at Caesar’s funeral, Antony delivers an emotional speech. He tells the mob that Caesar was not at all ambitious. He refused the crown three times. He said that Caesar had left 75 drachmas for every Roman. Antony appealed to the sentiments of the mob and even showed the wounded corpse of Caesar. The mob was so influenced by Antony’s speech that they turned against the conspirators. Thus Antony showed his affection and respect for Caesar. Question 12(g): Write a brief character sketch of Antony. Answer 12(g): Antony is a dear friend of Caesar. He is also a great orator and craftsman. He spends most of his time in revelry and listening to music. He looks upon life as a celebration in which he has a distinguished part to play. He is extremely devoted to Caesar. He wishes that Caesar should be crowned the king. A clever man, Antony, is successful in fooling Brutus into believing that he is with the conspirators after the death of Caesar. He delivers an influential speech which makes the mob realize conspiracy behind Caesar’s murder. He has genuine love and affection for Caesar and wishes to avenge his death. It is because of his speech, the conspirators are crushed. Question 12(h): What is the role of Julius Caesars ghost in the play, Julius Caesar? Answer 12(h): The ghost of Julius Caesar appears twice in the play: once before Brutus when he is sleeping in his tent, it stood by his bed side and said nothing. The second time it appears in a battle at Philippi. The ghost appeared in front of Antonius and Octavius. It did not say anything. The purpose of the ghost was to make Brutus realize his mistake. He was carried away by emotions and joined hands with the conspirators. Caesar’s death led to turmoil and unrest in Rome. Brutus is unhappy seeing all this and kills himself with his own sword. Question 12(i): Why does Antony call Brutus the noblest Roman of them all? Answer 12(i): Antony’s comment that Brutus is ‘the noblest Roman of them all’ is laced with sarcasm. Actually he wishes to tell the public that Caesar was not at all ambitious as pointed by Brutus but he does not say this immediately rather he cites instances and instigates audience slowly and logically. Antony is a great orator. He first calls Brutus the noblest Roman in order to gain attention and sympathy of the public. Slowly he tells the public that it was not Caesar’s ambition but Brutus’ personal grudge against Caesar that made him kill Caesar. Thus he is able avenge his friends’ death as the mob after hearing Antony’s speech turns against the conspirators. Question 12(j): How do Brutus and Cassius meet their end? Answer 12(j): Brutus wants that their forces should move to Philippi and attack the enemy. Cassius does not agree and leaves alone. On the plains of Philippi, Brutus and Cassius reach with their forces where there are the armies of Octavius and Antony. With the interference of Octavius their wrong doing comes to an end. Then the forces of Cassius and Antony fight in which Antony emerges victorious. Cassius could not accept this defeat and commits suicide. Brutus too is disheartened and kills himself with his own sword. Question 13: A reporter covers the event of the assassination of Julius Caesar in the senate giving graphic details and a catchy headline. Write the newspaper report in about 200 words. Answer 13: This question is to be answered on the basis of your own understanding, experience and thoughts. It is strongly recommended that you prepare the solution on your own. However, a sample solution has been provided for your reference. Caesar Slandered Today was a dark day in the history of Rome. A great son of soil, Julius Caesar, was assassinated in broad daylight. He was supposed to be crowned the king of Rome but unfortunately it was not meant to be. Caesar came to Capitol to be crowned the king. At the Capitol, Cimber, bent in front of Caesar and pleads for his brother. Caesar had banished Cimber’s brother. Brutus and Cassius also plead on behalf of Cimber. But Caesar does not relent. He is firm about decision about Cimber’s brother. At this point the conspirators started to stab him. Caesar’s great friend, Brutus also joins the others in stabbing Caesar. Caesar is shocked to see this and utters â€Å"You too, Brutus†. After the stabbing the conspirators shouted slogans of ‘Liberty, freedom and enfranchisement’. It is believed that Calpurnia, Caesar’s wife had a premonition about Caesar’s death. She didn’t want him to step out of the house that day. But Caesar was very keen to go to Capitol today. Economic Importance of Tourism in India By Becky Salmela Haase, eHow Contributor X Becky Salmela Haase Becky Salmela Haase has written professionally for newspapers, magazines and websites since 2004. She began her career writing for the University of Wisconsin-Madison Daily Cardinal, the Oregon Observer and ANEW/Brava magazine. Haase has a bachelors degree in international relations from the George Washington University, and a masters degree in journalism from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. * * * Share Intro Tourism is an increasingly vital part of the Indian economy. (Photo: india image by creative from Fotolia. com) Throughout the world, tourism brings money to cities and countries. Tourism also provides jobs for the local residents, further benefiting the destination. India has realized the profits available from this sector. Thanks to its growing economy and promoting itself as a culturally rich and diverse nation, Indias to urism industry now brings billions of dollars into the economy each year. Sponsored Links About India New Delhi is Indias capital. Photo: delhi image by ralf werner froelich from Fotolia. com) More than 60 years into its independence from British colonial rule, India has developed into a strong player on the world economic stage. As of 2010, more than 1. 1 billion people live in India, making it the second most populated country after China. New Delhi is the political capital of India, although Mumbai is the countrys the financial center. Indias Economy Tourism is becoming more and more a vital part of the Indian economy. (Photo: indian currency image by Sid Viswakumar from Fotolia. om) Even though most of the population is rural and still works in agriculture, Indias service-based economy has rapidly brought about a thriving development, especially in the last 20 years when India liberalized its markets. The services sector employs about 30 percent of Indias workforce, yet provides about half of its output. India depended on its large English-speaking, well-educated workforce to develop a burgeoning technology sector, as well. Tourism is a growing portion of Indias economy with an earnings increase of more than 17 percent from 2009. Reasons for Growth The Indian government played an important role in promoting tourism. (Photo: india flag button image by Andrey Zyk from Fotolia. com) Indias government, through its Tourism Ministry, developed a National Action Plan for Tourism to develop this portion of the economy. The plan sought to promote tourism as a way to boost socio-economic development, increase employment, preserve the nations heritage and environment and promote international and domestic tourists to visit India as a way to increase its share of global tourism. Through this plan, the ministry began advertising campaigns at home and abroad. The successful campaign has brought more touristsand their moneyto the country and boosted employment in this sector to more than 20 million people by 2006 Foreign Tourism to India The Taj Mahal is one of Indias most famous attractions. (Photo: taj mahal palace in delhi,india image by Galyna Andrushko from Fotolia. com) In 2006, more than 4 million tourists visited India and spent the equivalent of $8. 9 billion U. S. dollars, and this figure rose by about 22 percent each year from 2006 to 2009. Thanks again to its technology and service sectors, foreign business travelers are descending on India in large numbers. Many extend their trips, adding more tourist money to the economy. In fact, foreign tourists from all over the world spend more in India than almost any other country worldwide, according to Economy Watch. Tourists are attracted by Indias cultural diversity, temples, scenery and festivals. Each region of India offers something for foreign visitors, from the Taj Mahal and New Delhi in the north, bustling Mumbai in the West to the religious center of Varanasi in central India and any number of its beaches and coastal cities. Indian Travelers Abroad Indians are a growing part of their countrys tourism sector. Photo: india image by giantorre from Fotolia. com) Not only are foreign tourists traveling in India, its own citizens are taking more vacations, as well. The countrys economic growth increased its middle-class population. This group is contributing the most to domestic travel thanks to an annual 10 percent increase in disposable income between 2001 and 2006. India’s tourism industry is experiencing a strong period of growth, driven by the burgeoning Indian middle class, growth in high spending foreign tourists, and coordinated government campaigns to promote ‘Incredible India’. The tourism industry in India is substantial and vibrant, and the country is fast becoming a major global destination. India’s travel and tourism industry is one of them most profitable industries in the country, and also credited with contributing a substantial amount of foreign exchange. This is illustrated by the fact that during 2006, four million tourists visited India and spent US $8. 9 billion. Several reasons are cited for the growth and prosperity of India’s travel and tourism industry. Economic growth has added millions annually to the ranks of India’s middle class, a group that is driving domestic tourism growth. Disposable income in India has grown by 10. 11% annually from 2001-2006, and much of that is being spent on travel. Thanks in part to its booming IT and outsourcing industry a growing number of business trips are made by foreigners to India, who will often add a weekend break or longer holiday to their trip. Foreign tourists spend more in India than almost any other country worldwide. Tourist arrivals are projected to increase by over 22% per year through till 2010, with a 33% increase in foreign exchange earnings recorded in 2004. The Tourism Ministry has also played an important role in the development of the industry, initiating advertising campaigns such as the Incredible India campaign, which promoted India’s culture and tourist attractions in a fresh and memorable way. The campaign helped create a colorful image of India in the minds of consumers all over the world, and has directly led to an increase in the interest among tourists. The tourism industry has helped growth in other sectors as diverse as horticulture, handicrafts, agriculture, construction and even poultry. Both directly and indirectly, increased tourism in India has created jobs in a variety of related sectors. The numbers tell the story: almost 20 million people are now working in the India’s tourism industry. India’s governmental bodies have also made a significant impact in tourism by requiring that each and every state of India have a corporation to administer support issues related to tourism. - Top of Form Sign-up for our eNewsletter First Name Last Name Email We respect your privacy Bottom of Form A new growth sector is medical tourism. It is currently growing at around 30% per annum. Medical tourist arrivals are expected to reach one million soon. Medical tourism in Asia  has grown rapidly. Medical tourism is approaching fever pitch at the tune of $4 Billion US, fueled largely by the cosmetic surgery market. One of the problems India has, despite having some world-class hospitals, is sanitation. The tourism industry of India is based on certain core nationalistic ideals and standards which are: Swaagat or welcome, Sahyog or cooperation, Soochanaa or information, Sanrachanaa or infrastructure, Suvidha or facilitation, Safaai or cleanliness and Surakshaa or security. Tourism, globalisation and sustainable development Tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors of the global economy and developing countries are attempting to cash in on this expanding industry in an attempt to boost foreign investment and financial reserves. While conceding that the uncontrolled growth of this industry can result in serious environmental and social problems, the United Nations contends that such negative effects can be controlled and reduced. Arguing that tourism needs to be more sustainable, the world body is organising a dialogue this April in the UN Commission on Sustainable Development to bring together national and local governments, the tourism industry, trade unions and activist groups to realise this goal. In the following article, Anita Pleumarom considers whether the global tourism industry can really be propelled towards sustainability under the current international and political regime that underpins the drive towards globalisation. When most people think of tourism, they think about a vacation to a new destination, an island retreat, a beautiful vineyard, or a hike in the mountains. They rarely think of tourism as a source of inclusive poverty reduction in the developing world. The potential of the tourism sector The tourism sector is one of the priority sectors of the Investment Climate Advisory Services for investment generation and regulatory simplification. We and institutions like UNCTAD, as well as the World Economic Forum strongly believe this sector can boost competitiveness , expand economic opportunity and provide a pathway to prosperity in client countries. Unsurprisingly, developing economies like Haiti, Mozambique, the Solomon Islands, Yemen and Zambia recently prioritized tourism as a key target to produce economic growth. But what makes the tourism sector so attractive? While the answer is not 100 percent clear, it is clear that the tourism sector is growing and in particular in developing in transition countries. Its total contribution to global GDP has grown by 21 percent in the last decade to$5,992 billion in 2011 (Figure 1). Source: World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) 2011 The tourism sector has strong links to economic growth. Economic (GDP) growth is of principal concern for all countries, particularly those engaged in poverty reduction as a means to spread wealth across the population. Empirical studies in countries as diverse as Barbados, Croatia, India, Taiwan and Turkey have shown a causal relationship between tourism development and economic growth. A cross country study by the IMF showed that an increase of one standard deviation in the share of tourism in exports leads to about 0. percentage point in additional annual growth, everything else being constant. Thus many governments (particularly low income economies) should view investing in its tourism industry as a means to stimulate growth over the long term and enabling the poor to share in economic gains. Tourism investments can benefit local people Tourism is one of the only industries in the world where the ‘good’ or ‘service’ is consumed at the site of production . For this reason, local people are both at an advantage to reap the benefits associated with the ector, but also at risk from exclusion or even the negative impacts it can bring. A well planned, regulated and responsible tourism can be an excellent mechanism of channeling resources from rich to poor even at the large scale. Commercial tourism activities provide an opportunity for local people to participate in direct employment, in providing goods and services to tourism businesses through the supply chain, but also in direct interaction with the tourist (for example: crafts, excursions, food and beverage). The generation of earnings amongst those local people directly involved with the industry in turn stimulates indirect spend (of wages) in the local economy. Tourism provides opportunities for economic diversification and skills upgrading Developing countries can leverage tourism to support local companies and entrepreneurs in developing new products and exports. The tourism sector provides a means by which local entrepreneurs can experiment with new products and test them on international markets in their home country before exporting. International tourists typically create demand for products and services which may not have already existed in the local market and also demand certain quality standards. Whilst these can be a challenge to meet in the short-term, tourism creates the market and the incentive to drive the process – leading to growth and improvement over time

Summary and analyse the movie Downton Abbey Essay

Summary and analyse the movie Downton Abbey - Essay Example The second wave in the mid-20th century advocated other areas in regard to the social life of the women. The third wave in late 20th century sought to address geopolitical differences as speared by queer and masculinity studies. However, these waves were viewed as being less important thus standardizing feminine thought. Some groups in the UK enjoyed more advantages in regard to feminism relative to other groups. The male gaze appeared to be unavailable for black women because they were unworthy of the male gaze, triggered even more activism. Anglo-political feminism was more advantage relative to geopolitical contexts. Women were significantly underrepresented in media production. For instance, Women directors, writers, producers and editors only assumed less than a quarter of the employed media production people. Media is highly gendered with men taking the role of active pleasure looker apart from being media maker while women take up roles in consumer media and acting the role of passive pleasure looker. The woman takes the role of an object for men flattery. Other statistic shows that women make only 30% of speaking characters and that they are dependent on males, and their roles are household functionalities. Comics, romantic books and video games contort women by hypersexualizing their roles. The design assumes that the audience is male, and thus the foundation for erotic spectacles. Advertisements present women as objects for a price. The question that gaze is only credible for men brought even more compromise for Mulveys

Content Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 13500 words

Content Writing - Essay Example It must be well written and properly and consistently presented. Good presentation is usually combined with excellence of analysis and intellectual grip on the sources that form a key element in the papers. To make papers a good one, several criteria are necessary: A lucid position of the writer on the thesis paper: the writer must take a position. That is, the papers will not simply investigate a topic, or build a generalized statement about a topic, supporting the both sides; such as: "Many people feel that Shakespeare deserves his place in the canon, but some critics believe he has been over-rated." Instead, the papers should take a definite stance on one side or other providing reasonable arguments. A good analysis: There should be analysis of the thesis statement rather than evaluation. It should not be like the review of a paper or evaluation like â€Å"Reading Rainbow†. Such as, "This beautiful story engages readers because of its sensitive handling of emotional relationships." Rather A first-class thesis work is one that relies upon the work itself to support intriguing insights into its reading. Again, thesis help should be used in order to expose sufficient logics establishing its own opinion. Specificity of the topic: must focus on a specific topic. It should not make a grand, sweeping, or vague statement like "All through history, writers have produced great literature". It is too vague. With the massive growth of the world knowledge if a research work is made without specificity of a topic. It will not be a reasonable one to cover the necessary analysis of the topic due to the vastness of the topic. Sometimes it is felt reluctant to choose too narrow a topic, fearing it wont be possible to find enough to write about. But its usually better to choose a narrow topic, and analyze it closely, however, than to choose too broad a topic and only scratch its surface. There must be arguable

How effective are the strategies to end poverty Research Paper

How effective are the strategies to end poverty - Research Paper Example Extreme poverty is characterized by having less than $1 a day income; these are those who are unceasingly hungry and do not have access to acceptable living conditions. This is often described as the type of â€Å"poverty that kills.† While moderate poverty is described as those living in $1 or $2 a day, fundamental needs are met but scarcely and through tremendous effort. And relative poverty is a family with an income that is below the average nationally but is not within the same level as those in the middle income range (Sachs, 2005). Poverty estimates published in 2008 showed that approximately 1.4 billion of the entire population which equates to 1 in 4 in developing worlds is living on an income that is not even $1.25 in a day for the year 2005. This is an improvement in comparison to 1981 wherein 1.9 billion or 1 in 2 families are living under the same circumstances. This set boundaries for poverty line is based on 2005’s mean for the about 10-20 poorest countries. And the adjusted estimate which is higher than those previously conceived for the almost one billion getting by for $1 a day based on prices in 1993. This is seen to be an improvement towards the goal of cutting the poverty in half on the base point of year 1990 by the year 2015. Yet, poverty is seen as more persistent than estimated particularly in parts of Africa and other major factor’s lack of data that greatly affects the issue (â€Å"Understanding Poverty†). There is no single thing that is attributed as the general cause of poverty. There are a number of reasons that contribute to the generalization of the reasons for poverty. One is the absence of education which eventually hinders children from being able to acquire jobs that would provide suitable living. Children are needed to help their families and therefore take any possible job to be able to provide food on their tables in a daily basis. Next is health, body decline limits the amount of work that can be

Nursing Essays Nurse Patient Safety

Nursing Essays Nurse Patient Safety Nurse Patient Safety The ICU Nurse and Patient Safety Abstract Nurses play a central role in direct patient care and safety surveillance at the point of care. This role suggests a need for consensus on a core set of measures that can be used to monitor safe practices and guide resource allocation decisions that affect patient outcomes in a health system. This work will review factors affecting patient safety in ICU and what to do to reach a proper patient outcome. The ICU Patients in Intensive Care Units are at risk of unsafe care because of the complex environment, also a patient may sustain an injury as a direct result of daily care. This makes nurses uniquely poised to have a tremendous impact on patient safety as professional caregivers in direct contact with patients and their families. Quality care and patient safety require a focused commitment from all level of an organization, yet nurses serve as the bedside safety advocate with the opportunity to put theory into practice. The challenges are: What is the right thing to do? Is the right thing being done? Is it being done right? You can get expert help with your essays right now. Find out more Factors that play a role in patient safety in ICU environment The critical care setting is one of the most complex environments in a health care facility. Critical care units must manage the intersecting challenges of maintaining a high-tech environment and ensuring staff competency in operating the equipments, providing high-quality care to the sickest patients of a health facility and attending to the needs of staff members working in a very stressful environment (Chang et al, 2005). Before building initiatives to enhance patient safety, the extent of patient injuries and events in ICUs must be well explained. Critically ill patients are at high risk for complications due to the severity of their medical conditions, the complex and invasive nature if intensive care treatments and procedures and the use of drugs and technology that carry risks as well as benefits (Chang et al, 2005). What to do? The first step of patient safety improvement process is to gain the support and engaging leadership.Risk managers, patient safety officers and critical care physicians start working together to make a business case to executives for patient safety investments. In short; implementing ICU patient safety plane becomes a team effort (Rainey and Combs, 2003). An improvement initiative will be more successful if a culture of patient safety prevails. This should create an ICU environment in which all members of ICU team understand how to exchange patient information in a meaningful and respectful way. A starting point in creating such a culture is to conduct an assessment of the current climate in the ICU whether and how it affects patient care (Rainey and Combs, 2003). A facility’s approach to provide safe critical care services will depend mainly on the ICU is organized, staffed and designed i.e. ICU staffing, structure and work environment. Generally, there are three organizational models for ICUs; the open model which allows different members of the medical staff to mange patients in the ICU. The closed model is limited to ICU certified physicians managing all cases. The hybrid model, it combines aspects of the previous two models on referral basis (Chang et al 2005, Rainey and Combs 2003 and Pronovost et al 2003). Work environment within the ICU is characterized by being high work load and fatigue; both have been identified as major negative contributors to patient safety. Staffing an adequate number of critical care educated nurses is essential to the delivery of high quality ICU care (Chang et al 2006). ICU equipment, technology and systems should be assessed from the perspective of patient safety before acquisition and implementation. When devices do not undergo a rigorous evaluation for appropriateness during acquisition or when they are not used properly or badly maintained, they can contribute seriously to patient safety (Pronovost et al 2003). Quality indicators: Savitz, Cheryl and Shulamit, conducted a meta-analysis on quality indicators sensitive to nurse staffing in acute care settings and their results did not to specific indicators that should necessarily be examined in monitoring performance and examining trends in safety as related to nursing staff. Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers What is needed? The shortage of critical care nurses has increased concerns for patient safety. Programs must retain experienced critical care nurses and maintain nursing staff competency with medial equipments and procedures. Continuing education must not be neglected on the assumption that the nurse can not be spared (Trossman 2000). Closer cooperation and understanding is always needed for the ICU staff members. Having a clear program for ICU patient safety should make the job easier. Conclusion Recognizing the critical linkage between nursing workforce and safe and effective outcome for patients, both health provider and professional organizations are committed to work together to accelerate the adoption of evidence based practices known to improve the working nursing environment, patient safety and quality outcomes for patients. This necessitates having a culture that supports patients safety, operating the ICUs as a dedicated team managed by intensive care specialists with specialized training. Finally, to ensure that the work environments can support the caregivers to interact productively, make proper level titrated vital decisions, perform medical intervention and operate medical equipments safely. References Chang, S. Multz, A. and Hall, J. (2005). Critical care organization. Critical care clinics, 21(5), 43-53. Rainey, G. and Combs, A. (2003). Making the business case for the intensivist directed multidisciplinary team model: In Proceedings from the Society of Critical Care Medicine Summit on ICU Quality and Cost. Chicago, IL. Pronovost, P, Angus, D. Dorman, T. et al. (2003). Physician staffing pattern and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients: A systematic review. JAMA 288(17), 2151-2162 Savitz, L. Cheryl, B. and Shulamit, B. Quality indicators sensitive to nurse staffing in acute care settings. Advances in patient safety, 4, 375-85. Retrieved from on 24/12/2007. Trossman, S. (2000), Nurses fight short staffing on several major fronts. Am Nurse 32, 1-2. American Psychological Association (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Different Sources of Energy

The U. S is the world largest energy consumer. It relies on non-renewable resources for the provision of energy ranging from petroleum, coal and natural gas. Modernization and industrialization has resulted to increased energy demand. Energy is required in important sectors like the transportation, industry as well as in the commercial sector. Industries like refineries and chemical production, in the production and processes of their products. Energy is consumed as vehicles, trains, ship and air transport people or goods from one place to another. Houses use energy to heat houses, water, lighting and other electronic appliances.Institutions and business also need energy to accomplish their day-to-day activities. The U. S oil consumption rates are increasing at a high rate that may catch up with the economic growth. U. S consumes 20. 7 million barrels or 869 million gallons daily, 25% total world consumption despite it forming 5% of the world’s population . The consumption lev el is subject to rise with increased industrialization. The over reliance in non-renewable resources will have adverse effects to the environment, political and economic aspects. The non-renewable resources result to high pollution rates.Over exploitation of the resources may result to exhaustion or depletion of the resources. Nuclear energy produces dangerous radioactive waste materials that can affect human beings’ health. Over reliance on oil affects the economy when the oil prices keep fluctuating. Since non-renewable resources can get exhausted scarcity may prevail leading to increased oil prices and inflation levels will be on the rise. A 5-10 Year Plan for Renewable Energy in America. There is urgent need for America to adopt renewable resources that will have reduced impact on the environment while providing a lasting solution to distortions caused by oil dependence.The oil rich countries can interrupt the U. S economy through the price fluctuations. (Micheal 7) The U . S should first put in place laws that will meet not only the short-term energy demands but also ensure that the long-term demands are not jeopardized. Renewable energy will ensure sustainable development. This is because it is reduces the health as well as environment risks. Renewable energy includes energy from the wind, solar and water, which can replace oil and fossil fuels. These forms of energy will reduce the over dependence on oil especially from foreign countries that make it volatile.US should diversify the sources of energy. (Eckhart 8). Encourage industries to adapt sustainable development strategies so that they do not cause health hazards to future generations. They should be environment friendly and high taxes can be imposed to those negating this strategy. The government can increase its investment on its cities so that wastage of energy is reduced. Transportation sector can be improved as an effort to conserve energy. The strategy can be faced with political challe nges whereby by lack of political will by leaders will hinder the effective implementation of the project.The congress has to approve the proposal to be successful. The government should be committed in installing solar electric, geothermal and wind power in its public institutions. Creating awareness will be a positive move in ensuring that people understand the importance of renewable sources of energy as well as the adverse implications of non-renewable sources. This move will ensure that residential energy consumption trends are changed and people adopt renewable sources of energy. For instance encouraging people to use solar electricity to heat water and warm their houses.Renewable sources of energy will reduce the greenhouse gases production and consequently global warming will be reduced. (www. epa. gov). The government will need to commit a 300 billion dollar for 10 years to support this project. It can invest in modernizing the homes of low-income earners so that they adapt energy efficient measures. This approach will help in reducing wastage of energy from the residential sector. The transportation sector currently accounts for 68% of US oil consumption. Replacing the energy wastage measures by adopting renewable and environment friendly resources will help save America.The government can spend 15 $ billion to help automakers phase out the fuel inefficient vehicles. Scientists have shown that man has been very influential in causing global warming. Global warming affects the climate and has adverse effects on man. 20% of green house gases are from vehicles. The transport sector can use electricity from renewable sources. (Houghton 155). Since less than 2% of electricity is from oil it can be used on transportation. Research shows that 30% can be implemented on transport without extra installation. Introduction of sport utility vehicles and light trucks will help improve on fuel efficiency.Government must take its role in ensuring that buildings cons tructed are energy efficient. It must also ensure that technical training is provided to relevant bodies to save energy. Adopting the renewable energy resources will be of economic benefits. U. S spends approximately 1. 4 billion $ daily on foreign oil, money that can be saved if renewable sources of energy are sought. Dissemination of information about the adverse effects of non renewable sources of energy for instance global warming will see people change their energy consumption patterns.Alternative methods of transportation can be opted to reduce the traffic jams that that lead to high wastage levels of energy. Imposing high taxes on polluters will encourage industries to adapt environmental friendly techniques. Increased investment in research will help America establish potential renewable resources that can be exploited match its energy demands. Intensified research will provide accurate information needed in implementation of this project. Research will identify viable resou rces thus reducing unnecessary costs.The government also needs to invest in training for manufacturing industries so that they adapt energy conservation strategies. The government will need to allocate more money to support ethanol refineries. Ethanol from corn is environmental friendly and should be encouraged to reduce the adverse effects brought about by over dependence on oil. Renewable energy will help America maintain its national security and its influence and options in the world will not be affected. Oil rich countries tend to be prone to constant conflicts and are undemocratic.

Procurement Ethics and Quality of Goods Procured in Uganda

MAKERERE UNIVERSITY PROCUREMENT ETHICS AND QUALITY OF PRODUCTS PROCURED IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR (A CASE STUDY OF THE MINISTRY OF WORKS AND TRANSPORT) BY KIYO MWENDA MUCHIRI 07/K/3250/EXT SUPERVISOR MR ANTHONY TIBAINGANA A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF COMMERCE OF MAKERERE UNIVERSITY. JULY 2011 DECLARATIONI Kiyo Mwenda Muchiri, do hereby declare that procurement ethics and quality of products procured in the public sector is entirely my own original work ,except where acknowledged,and that it has not been submitted before to any other institution of higher learning for the award of degree. Signed†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Name:Mr Kiyo Mwenda Muchiri APPROVAL This research report has been submitted for examination with my approval as the candidate’s university supervisor. Signed†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Name:Mr Anthony Tibaingana DEDICATION This research work is dedicated to my dear mother MERCY MUTHONI MUCHIRI for the continued love support and motivation may God bless you very much. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge the contribution provided by the individuals and insituition mentioned below. First and foremost i would like to recognise the constant support and contribution provided by supervisor Mr Antony Tibaingana. Special acknowledgement goes to my loving aunt Nelly Karimi for her continued moral support love and care.Special thanks goes to the staff of ministry of works and transport and amproc international for their contribution to the completion of this work. My sinc ere gratitudes also goes to collegues George,Nelson,Kibet,Dickson. Omar,Oscar and Nyambati who i have shared my time of study with for their support throughout the course of my study. TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTPAGE DECLARATIONi APPROVALii DEDICATIONiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTSiv TABLE OF CONTENTSv LIST OF TABLESix LIST OF FIGURESx ACRONYMSxi ABSTRACTxii CHAPTER ONE1 1. 1Background of the Study1 1. 2 Statement of the Problem3 1. 3 Purpose of the Study4 . 4 Objectives of the Study4 1. 5 Research Question4 1. 6Scope of the Study4 1. 6. 1Time Scope5 1. 6. 2Subject Scope5 1. 6. 3Geographical Scope5 1. 7Significance of the Study5 CHAPTER TWO6 LITERATURE REVIEW6 Introduction:6 2. 1Ethics6 2. 1. 1Procurement Ethics6 2. 2How Ethics is ensured in Public Procurement6 2. 3Ethical Issues in Procurement. 8 2. 3. 1Corruption8 2. 3. 2Conflict of Interest11 2. 3. 3Donor Interest12 2. 3. 4Delayment of Funds13 2. 4 Quality13 2. 4. 1Quality of Products13 2. 4. 2Determinants of Quality14 2. 4. 3Public Procurement and Effective Quality Products and ServiceDelivery. 15 2. 5Public Procurement16 2. 5. 1Procurement in the Ministry of Work and Transport17 2. 5. 2Procurement Cycle in the Ministry of Works and Transport18 2. 5. 3Procurement Methods Followed in the Ministry of Works and Transport19 2. 6Effects of Unethical Procurement20 2. 7Conclusion:21 CHAPTER THREE22 Introduction:22 3. 1Research Design22 3. 2 Survey Population22 3. 3 Sampling Design22 3. 3. 1Sampling Size22 3. 4Source of Data23 3. 4. 1Primary Data23 3. 4. 2Secondary Data23 3. 5Data Collection Methods23 3. 5. 1Observation23 3. 5. 2Survey24 3. Data Collection Instrument24 3. 6. 1Questionnaire24 3. 6. 2Documentary review24 3. 6. 3Interview guide,24 3. 7Data Processing Analysis and Presentation24 3. 7. 1Data processing. The researcher after gathering the data then edit code classify and tabulate the data. 24 3. 7. 2Data analysis. 24 Data presentation. 24 CHAPTER FOUR25 PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS, DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION25 Introdu ction:25 4. 1Demographic Characteristics of Respondents25 4. 2Findings on how products are purchased in the organization27 4. 3 Findings on causes of unethical practice in procurement31 4. Findings on the relationship between ethics and quality of goods procured33 4. 5Ethics in the Organization38 CHAPTER FIVE39 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS39 Introduction:39 5. 2Summary of findings39 5. 2. 1Findings on the procurement procedure followed under the Ministry of Works and Transport. 39 5. 2. 2Findings on the causes of unethical conduct in procurement in the ministry of Work and Transport. 39 5. 2. 3 Findings on what is the relationship between procurement ethics and quality of product procured. 39 5. 3Conclusions:40 5. 4Recommendation:40 5. 5Areas for further research40REFRENCES41 APPENDICES42 APPENDIX ( i)Questionnaire42 APPENDIX (ii)Interview guide47 LIST OF TABLES TABLEPAGE Table 1: Showing Sample Size23 Table 2: Showing response rate of respondents25 Table 3: Showing the age of the respondents25 Table 4: Showing the Level of Education26 Table 5: Showing Marital status27 Table 6: Showing how long one has worked for the Organization27 Table 7: showing whether purchase requisition are handled on time28 Table 8: Showing whether procedures followed helps in procuring quality products29 Table 9: Showing whether products procured are of quality30Table 10: showing whether weak enforcement measure of procurement law contributes to unethical practice31 Table 11: Showing whether moral degradation in the society is a cause of unethical conducts32 Table 12: Showing whether unethical practice of bidder contributes to unethical conduct by staff33 Table 13: showing whether the organization code of ethics contributes to quality products being procured35 Table 14: showing whether suppliers meet organization specification of quality products36 Table 15: showing whether unethical practice staff has resulted in procurement poor quality products. 36LIST OF CHARTS FIGURE. PAGE Chart 1: Showing gender of the respondents26 Chart 2: Findings if purchase requisition used are from the user unit28 Chart 3: Showing whether PPDA procedure is followed29 Chart 4:: Showing relationship between ethics and procurement30 Chart 5: Showing how low pay has contributed to unethical practices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 32 Chart 6: Findings if there is relationship between ethics and quality of goods procured33 Chart 7: showing whether organization have a mean of checking unethical practice of employees. 36 ACRONYMS PPDA Public Procurement and Disposal of Public assets AuthorityIGGInspector General of Government CHOGMCommonwealth Heads of Government Meeting PDEProcurement and Disposal Entitity SPSSStatistical Package for Social Sciences MOWTMinistry of Works and Transport ISOInternational Standards Organisation ABSTRACT The principle objective of carrying out this study was to assess the impact of procurement ethics on the qu ality of products procured in the public sector a case study of the ministry of works and trasport,and to come up with particular issues that need to be addressed in order to improve their effectviness and efficiency in their procurement activities.The study used cross section design where data was gathered just once over a period of time in the ministry of works and transport ranging from the period (2000-2010). The research used descriptive research design which describes the phenomenon it was undertaken in order to ascertain and be able to describe the characteristics of variables of interest. The study used a sample size of 37 respondents who were purposively selected. Self administered questionnaires and interview guides were the main instruments of study and data was analyzed using frequencies, percentages and charts using Microsoft excel.Findings on procurement ethics was that there some ethical issues that arise such as bribery, nepotism, tribalism, leaking of confidential i nformation, pressure from those in authority above, awarding of contracts to those who are not the best evaluated bidders, conflict of interest, lack of transparency and single sourcing, embezzlement of funds and also harassment this was attributed to greed and low pay offered to the employees. Findings on quality of products procured were that when the PPDA procurement procedures are followed majority of the employees were of the view that it contribute to procurement of quality products.Recommendation on the issue of ethics and quality is that procurement officers should always be sensitized on the importance of ethics and the society as whole needs to be educated on the importance of ethics to reduce on the unethical practices by bidder CHAPTER ONE 1. 1Background of the Study According to (Kenneth Lyson 2007) procurement ethics is the principle conduct governing an individual or group concern to what is right or wrong.Ethics is about fairness deciding what is right or wrong defin ing practices and rules which underpin responsible conduct between individuals and group it is a sense of upright both of conviction and action. (International standards organization 8402) defines the fundamental terms relating to quality concepts, it states that quality is the totality of features and characteristics of a product that bears on the ability to satisfy stated or implied needs and they go ahead to give the dimensions of quality as performance, reliability serviceability conformance durability aesthetics and perceived quality.According to research done by (Edgar Agbar and Niegel shipman 2006) titled public procurement reform in developing countries: the Ugandan experience, procurement in Uganda consists 70% of the national budget and yet according to the inspector general of government 90% of complaints about corruption in the office are procurement related, and according to the (African pear report 2006) pubic sector losses 268. 6 million dollars directly due to unethi cal practices.In 2005 procurement audit carried out by the public procurement and disposal authority in Uganda out of the 322 contracts audited only 7 of the contract were clean that is only 2% of the contract reviewed. According to the (parliamentary accounts committee report on commonwealth heads of government meeting 2009) focusing on ministry of works and transport most of the products procured by the ministry were not of the right quality. For example over one billion shillings were lost due to purchasing of poor construction materials like asphalt, sand, stones, steel which were not of the right quantity and quality.This was attributed to the lapse in the procurement ethics and procedures. The auditor general also pointed on the poor quality of the roads and wanted the contracts for construction of those roads terminated and government money refunded or contractors make good of there works, because most of the roads constructed or reconstructed had potholes or ripped and some stretches of the roads poorly done and not of the recommended design and in some cases the roads were designed and not constructed at all for example the Manyago road (62kms) the Najjanamkumbi-Makindye road 1. km designed by MBW consulting engineers. According to the parliamentary accounts committee on commonwealth heads of government meeting 2009) the ministry of works and transport was responsible for procuring vehicles for transport. The vehicles were to include executive vehicles for the majesty and other heads of government, police vehicle and motor cycles, ambulances command and patrol vehicles at cost Shillings 20 billion.This was supposed to be done through a competitive process and the last two best evaluated bids were by spear motors and motor care Uganda limited, spear motors had the best bid but the ministry decide to use direct sourcing and the contract was awarded to motor care Uganda limited owned by 56 percentages by a cabinet minister Hon. Kuteesa.The company claime d to be importing BMW’S from Germany but they were importing them from Austria and Denmark the initials cost was 38,000 euro’s for a brand new BMW from Germany but the ministry of work and transport spent over 47,000 euro’s for second hand BMWs from Austria and Denmark which did not conform to the standards set by the procurement entity under the ministry. They were 204 BMWs but it is believed that 174 of he BMW’s were not of the required standard.Also Toyota (u) limited was given a direct contract to supply ambulances at a cost shillings 2,893,469, 700 billion. The ambulances were supposed to be 23 and all of ambulances did not conform to the set standard of quality and specification. They lacked oxygen cylinders, hooks, drug cabinets, emergency lights. Although the manufacturers acknowledged these defects and the low quality of the ambulances nothing was done to rectify the situation. The committee also found out that only 21 of 23 ambulances were deliv ered. 1. 2 Statement of the ProblemThe lack of procurement planning, corruption and conflict of interest and political interference has led to procurement of poor quality products in the ministry of works and transport for example minister for works Hon Byabagambi outside of the commonwealth heads of government budget he directed the consultant engineers (M/s Multiplan) to carry out additional works which were not well stated outside the law in total disregard for the law this variation led to a loss of shillings 1. 7billion. This was flouting of the public procurement and disposal authority law.The procurement system in Uganda varies in major way due to the fact that most projects are donor funded institutions like the world bank, international monetary fund and the European union and thus there is no consistency in the ministry of works and transport for a certain procurement system and creating loopholes for unethical staff to embezzle money through means like defining specificat ion to fit single contractors, substituting specified goods with inferior goods selective release of information to favor contractors, charge for skills below those specified which is causing poor quality being procured. . 3 Purpose of the Study The study is carried out in order to establish the relationship between procurement ethics and quality of products procured. 1. 4 Objectives of the Study (i) To establish procurement procedure used/ followed under the ministry of works and transport. ii) To identify the cause of unethical conduct by procurement personnel in ministry of works and transport. iii) To assess the relationship between procurement ethics and quality of product procured. 1. 5 Research Question i) How are procurement procedures followed under the ministry of works and transport? i) What are the causes of un-ethical conduct in procurement in the ministry of works and transport? iii) What is the relationship between procurement ethics and quality of products procured? 1. 6Scope of the Study The scope include three major areas that is; 1. 6. 1Time Scope: The research will be done between January to June 2011 and the research intends to concentrate on the literature published between 2000-2010 in order to identify the variable problems. 1. 6. 2Subject Scope: The study shall be done in the ministry of works and transport and shall concentrate within Kampala city.The people to be interviewed in the study are the employees of the ministry under the procurement department. The contextual scope of this study will focus on the impact of procurement ethics on quality of products procured. 1. 6. 3Geographical Scope: The study will be carried out in the ministry of Works and Transport in Kampala district plot 4/6 Entebbe Uganda. 18 Significance of the Study The research will be significance in the following ways: †¢ The study will help improve my skills and knowledge as a researcher in doing research. The study will also help improve the ministry of Wo rks and Transport in appreciating procurement ethics and thus improving quality of product and services offered by the ministry. †¢ The research will also contribute knowledge as literature review to researchers interested in the same area of research. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction: This chapter deals with review of the related literature on the study of the variables specifically procurement ethics and quality of products procured in the public sector in Uganda. . 1Ethics Moral principles that govern a person’s behavior or the conducting of an activity, It can also be described as the branch of knowledge that deals with moral principle (oxford dictionary 2001). Ethics can also be described as principle of conduct governing an individual or a profession. (Webster’s third new international dictionary) (According to Kenneth Lyson 2006) Ethics is the principle of conduct governing an individual or groups, concern for what is right or wrong, good or bad. 2. 1. Procurement Ethics The main principle of procurement ethics are impartiality or objectivity, openness and full disclosure, confidentiality, due diligence, competence and duty of care, fidelity professional responsibility, avoiding potential or apparent conflict of interest. These can be characterized by accountability, responsiveness, professionalism, transparency, open competition, confidentiality, non discrimination and fair play. (Kenneth Lyson 2006). 2. 2How Ethics is ensured in Public ProcurementEthics in the ministry of works and transport has been ensured through a put in place code of ethical conduct in business which must be signed by employees which is listed below 1. Employees shall not use their authority for personal gain and shall seek to uphold and uphold reputation of the Ugandan government. 2. Employees shall reveal any personal interest that may impinge or might be deemed by others to impinge on employee’s business dealing. 3. (i) Employee’s sha ll respect the confidentiality of information received in the course of business dealing and shall never use such information for personal gain. ii) Information given by employees in the course of business dealing shall be true and fair and not designed to mislead. 4. Employees shall avoid any business arrangement that might prevent effective operation of fair competitive. 5. Employees shall not accept business gifts from current or potential government suppliers. 6. Employees shall refrain from any business hospitality that might be viewed by others as having an influence in making a government business decision. public procurement and disposal of public asset authority act 2003) Also there deterrent measures put in place by the (public procurement and disposal authority act 2003)to ensure ethics are maintained in the government ministries like ministry of works and transport where in section 95 a list of offences are listed like colluding to commit fraudulent or corrupt act, exert ing undue influence on any officer or employee, refusal to answer summons and on conviction one is liable to a fine of 250 currency point and each currency is worth 20,000 Uganda shillings or to a term of imprisonment not exceeding 3 years or both. . 3Ethical Issues in Procurement. 2. 3. 1Corruption One of the major factors that affect quality of products procured in the public sector is corruption; few activities create greater temptation or offer more opportunities for corruption than the public sector procurement. Hardly a day will pass by without another major scandalous public procurement activity in the papers (Pope 2000).For example in the ministry of works and transport out of the 91 billion offered for construction of roads during the common wealth heads of government meeting 21 billion was lost due to corruption by the officers in the ministry (Parliamentary accounts committee report 2009). The main purpose of the procurement procedure is to ensure openness to all stakehol ders involved in the procurement exercises. (Robert 1988) argues that corruption can be equated to the formulae = (M + D – A) where corruption equals to monopoly, discretion minus accountability. J M Ntayi 2009) on the other hand notes that corruption in least developed countries occurs when there is motive and opportunity, corruption is a crime of opportunity, the opportunity being institution inefficiencies. Corruption procurement is â€Å"grand† and at alarming levels, the integrity and ethics of procurement staff and those helping out with technical activities is highly questioned since they do not seem to adhere to any code of ethical conduct to guide there ethical responsibilities.According to (Wade 1995) corruption may increase transaction cost by 50%. A purchaser who wants violate the law has a couple of opportunities in his possession through which he can manipulate the process in a desired direction, these include arranging the composition of a tended in such a way that one may avoid the application of tendering procedures above the threshold and instead use simplified procedures including designing the technical specification or terms of reference to favor a certain product or service or to exclude potential bidders.Others are including the award criteria in tender evaluation which are completely irrelevant to the actual procurement and evidently discriminatory towards certain suppliers. Manipulation of the process can include using non- open tendering procedures such as restricted procedure or direct procurement , designing contract arrangement with obvious ambition to favor a certain suppliers, accepting false information and misleading documentation from bidders and manipulation of the decision making process (Westring and jadoun 2001).The (World Bank report 2000) rates public procurement as an area of government activity in which the risk of corruption are very high. The World Bank further asserts that to offer total solutions whic h would continue to deliver advantages and to be responsible to the future needs of clients the key strength lie in the skills and professionalism of staff. This requires the ability to gain a close understanding of the clients business through training and capacity building.It should be noted that corruption in procurement is not exclusive domain of the buyer who controls the purse strings but the supplier or contractor who makes an unsolidated offer can easily initiate it, corruption in procurement also takes form of tailoring specification to favor particular supplier restricting information about contracting opportunities and creating situations of emergencies and urgency so as to use single source bidding simultaneously supplier can corrupt the procurement process by colluding to fix bid prices offering bribes and interfering in the evaluation process and thus affecting quality of goods, works and supplies procured ( Pope 2000). The most frequent source of corruption public pro curement takes the form of commissions paid or purchased items to officials in the procurement process.This practice threatens sound decision making by those involved in the procurement process for the higher commissions the better the opportunities of purchasing from the firm and thus affecting quality of goods, works and supplies (Vinold journal of trade 2001). The recipients of clandestine money in the case of government contracts are not only public officials but also members of parliament, political parties and their office bearer. The national laws allow such contributions provided the payment are disclosed and are made without expectation of favors, in practice however the business firms making such payments try to obtain assurances from the recipient that they would helped by persuading the government the take decisions that would benefit there companies (Vinold journal of world trade, 2001).The (Inspector general of government report 2005) further shows that there has been persistent flouting of the laid down procedures and guidelines by procuring entities. This has resulted into colossal loss of high sums of public funds and the procurement of goods, works and supplies that barely meet their intended objectives. 2. 3. 2Conflict of Interest (According to Pope 2000) conflict of interest in procurement is the order of the day. This arises when people in the public sector are influenced by personal and financial consideration when doing their jobs thereby influencing their decisions. Decisions are made for the wrong reasons in favor of people to whom they are close thus impairing the objectivity and independence of their judgments on quality specifications.In procurement when handling a tender, all conflict should be noted recorded and the official involved should then exclude themselves from further involvement in the tender awarding decisions. (Pope 2000) further asserts that the procurement process should have clearly stated and well understood polici es and procedures as well as written codes of conduct to deal with actual, potential and perceived conflict of interest. He is of the view that if a relative is unquestionably the best evaluated bidder they shall be awarded the tender if the correct procedure is followed. In the ministry of works and transport there is a precision for directing sourcing to favor one company supplying every time there is a conflict of interest either among the officers involved in procurement or when there is olitical pressure coming from above for example the ministry in 2007 opted to lease vehicles at a cost of 4. 17 billion shillings from motor care Uganda limited for use for a short period of times rather than buying vehicles from motor spears at a cost of shillings 6 billion of which the vehicles would have been completely purchased by the ministry this was a result of cabinet ministers interest in the purchase of the goods (Parliamentary account committee report 2009) Leakage of information dur ing the tendering process is a serious ethical procurement issue. This is where some officers leak information to their preferred bidder in advance of the advertisement and afford them an advantage in the preparation of bids. Celentani and Ganuza 1989) consider a procurement problem when potential bidder have private information about their production cost since the procurement agent is also in charge of verifying delivered quality in exchange for a bribe, they argue that the agent can allow an arbitrary firm to be awarded the realization of the project and to produce a quality level lower than announced. According to (Strombom 2001) government procurement contracts for construction project such as airports deems and highways generate immense opportunities for bribes, kickbacks and other payoffs and this is the reason for the below par works done by the firms awarded the contracts. 2. 3. 3Donor InterestDonor interest sometimes hinders the best practices in procurement, in cases wher e donor favor firms from their own countries of origin even though there are other firms that can offer superior quality products. In cases of big construction and other contracts even after tenders are issued, pressure is applied by foreign government at a high political level for the contracts to be awarded to their companies it is common to hold out a promise for additional provisions of financial aid if the contract is awarded to them (Vinold journal of world trade, 2001). Procuring can conclude with contractors by omitting required advertisement or calling for bids with shortened bids submission periods.Splitting of contracts can be done to avoid exceeding threshold set by the tender boards. 2. 3. 4Delayment of Funds The ( Inspector general of government report 2002) stipulates that the lack of funds on a timely basis from ministry of finance planning and economic development has also led to procurement malpractices procuring entities claim they cannot advertise tender when the y are not sure of the availability of funds from the ministry of finance, planning and economic development so when the funds are received later procurement procedures are not followed in the acquisition of goods, works and services resulting in low quality of goods works and services purchased.Entities usually cite cash flow constraint and therefore end up splitting amount which would require different methods of purchasing, contract for such suppliers are usually renewed extended for much longer period these unethical practices are the reason why the government keeps on procuring low quality goods which do not meet their objectives as a result of lack of competition in the tendering process. 2. 4 Quality (International standard organization) ISO defines quality as the totality of feature and characteristics of a product that bears on the ability to satisfy stated or implied needs and they go ahead to give dimensions of quality as performance, reliability serviceability conformance durability aesthetics and perceives quality. 2. 4. 1Quality of Products (According to Garvin 2007) quality of a product procured can be seen through five approaches which are as follows: Transcendent approach; quality is absolute and universally recognizable. The oncept is closely related to comparison of product attributes and characteristics. Product based approach; quality is a precise and measurable variable in this approach difference in quality reflects difference in quality of some product characteristics. User based approach; quality is defined in terms of fitness for use or how well the product fulfills its intended functions. Manufacturing based approach; quality is conformance to specification that is targets and tolerance determined by product designers. Value based approach; quality is determined in terms of cost and prices, here a quality products one that provides performance at an acceptable price or conformance to an acceptable cost.Quality is therefore determined by balancing technical consideration such as fitness for use performance safety and reliability with economic factors including price and availability it is therefore the optimum quality for the application that should be sought rather than the highest quality. Quality of goods procured can be determined by if they meet technical specification, delivery, environmentally sound, quality assurance, and accuracy of documentation speed of response and customer service. 2. 4. 2Determinants of Quality According to (Kelly and Male 2003) the following are the determinants of quality in purchasing Customer satisfaction; another benchmark for quality is the ability to meet customer expectation or even exceeds them. Conformance to specification; a product is be deemed to have high quality if it conform the specification spelt like design, size, color, weight.Product attributes: This is what leads to certain dimension of qualities for example performance, features, reliability, serviceability, d urability safety and aesthetics. Budget cost; a product is deemed to be of quality if it is within cost and its performance is at an acceptable cost. Timing; product quality can also be determined by the time which it is delivered on, is it at the right time that was specified or has the product delivery been delayed. Leadership; how is the executive team and all the managers inspiring and ensuring total quality for continuous improvement in the organization. Goals/policy; how the companies goals and policies reflect the principle of total quality of products. 2. 4. Public Procurement and Effective Quality Products and Service Delivery. Effective procurement practices are defined as those systems offering a high level transparency, accountability and value for money. (Ministry of defense procurement handout, 2004). The principle aim of procurement should be to obtain goods and services of the right quality in the right quantity from the right source, delivered to the right place and at the least cost and price (Lyson 2000 Telgen 2007). Successful and efficient procurement practices are those that meet the need of customer’s achieve optimum condition and value in regard to allocating of scarce tax payers resources (J. M Ntayi 2009).The practice needs a labor force with effective management skills that develop clear and professional specifications with full knowledge of a competitive process negotiation and monitoring skill. (Hunja Steane et al 2003) continues to say that procurement system implemented with sound management practices in place ensure successful quality and service delivery to stakeholders. The sound practices demand that those responsible for implementing procurement should ensure that the objectives are clear and that quality is sustained (Walker and Sidwell 1996) continues to say performance quality should not be measure on the basis of time and cost only but also quality of product and services as well as other relevant measures.Accordi ng to research done assessing competitive procurement procedures, findings indicate that it is a fact that competition in public procurement does improve efficiency and effectiveness. Competition is the tenet of a free market economy and it is the basis for cost effective purchasing quality and timeliness. It keeps providers on their toes it is an incentive for innovation improvement in quality and reduction in cost in improves proper allocation of government resources, high quality and timely procurement and budgetary saving. (Lemke 2003) 2. 5Public Procurement Acquisition by purchase, rental, lease, hire purchase, license, tenancy franchise or any other contractual means of goods or services by the government. (Telgen 1998). 2. 5. 1Procurement in the Ministry of Work and TransportPublic procurement is a powerful instrument for the transformation and realization of social economic goals and open and competitive public procurement and contracting procedure begins with the government description of its requirement and initiation of suppliers to indicate their interest in the contract and there professional capacity to fulfill it. (Sigma policy brief 2000). The government identifies potential suppliers and invites them to submit bids. The process must ensure that supplier can infarct meet the specification of product quality, delivery dates and continuity. After the bidding phase most procurement system require a public declaration of competitors names and bid price of the successful bidder (Sigma policy brief 2000). The procurement cycle is often high complex process.There is a series of closely interrelated activities between the initial identification of needs and the final delivery of quality product and services which requires coordination and quality control to achieve the best value. However this can be undermined by unethical practices by the officers in the procuring entity. (Westing and jadoun 1996) Effective procurement is considered to be a key strat egic management tool in driving down cost and improving operational efficiency while ineffective procurement wastes money resources and time (Westing and Jadoun 1996). 2. 5. 2Procurement Cycle in the Ministry of Works and Transport The following are the procurement procedures that are followed in the ministry of works and transport as per the guidelines issued by the (public procurement and disposal of public assets authority 2003). ) Procurement plan and budget: this procedure is undertaken by the user department, procurement unit, board/ council and the accounting officer. b) Procurement requisition: This is the responsibility of the user department c) Confirmation of available funds; the accounting officer is the one to undertake the function. d) Review of specification, procurement methods; potential supply market procurement method evaluation criteria and potential supply market. This is the duty of the procurement unit and the user department. e) Procurement methods approval; is the responsibilities of the contracts committee. f) Preparation of bidding documents; this roles is played by the procurement unit. ) Approval of bidding documents ;This role is played by the contracts committee h) Advertisement and invitation of bids; the advertisement is done by the procurement unit and it should be in a newspaper of wide circulation. i) Receipt and opening of bids this is the procedure is undertaken by the procurement unit but it must be done in front of bidders. j) Evaluation of bids; the evaluation of bids is the role of the procurement unit and the user department which will provide technical inputs. k) Review of evaluation report ;this is the responsibility of the contracts committee l) Award of contract; this is the responsibility of the contracts committee.. ) Signing of contract, communication of awards, administrative review; this is the work of the accounting officer he does this on behalf of all the members of procuring disposing entity. n) Contract management and monitoring; the responsibilities of contract management and monitoring fall to the user department and procurement unit the user department shall report any departure from the contract by bidders. o) Contract performance evaluation and report; the duties will be performed by the user department and the procurement unit. 2. 5. 3Procurement Methods Followed in the Ministry of Works and Transport The following are some of the methods of procurement that are used in the ministry of works and transport to ensure quality products are purchasedOpen domestic bidding; this method is open to participation on equal terms by all providers through advertisement of procurement or disposal opportunity. Open international bidding; this method is open to participation on equal terms by all providers through advertisement of the procurement disposal activity and which specifically seeks to attract foreign providers. Restricted domestic bidding; is the procurement or disposal method whe re bids are obtained by direct invitation without open advertisement. Restricted international bidding; is the procurement or disposal procedure where bids are obtained by direct invitation without open advertisement and the invited bidders include foreign providers.Quotations and proposals are simplified procurement and disposal method which compare price quotation obtained from a number of providers. Direct procurement is a sole source procurement disposal method which shall be used for very low value requirement. Micro procurement this method is used for very low value procurement requirement. The above methods are recommended by the (public procurement and disposal authority act 2003). According to J M Ntayi (2009) the continuing preference by the ministry of works and transport for direct procurement and micro procurement has hindered competition and thus affecting quality of products and resulting in increased cost. 2. 6Effects of Unethical Procurement According to the parliam entary account committee on common wealth heads of government meeting report 2009)The following are some of the effects of unethical procurement – Poor quality of materials purchased. – There will be inflated prices. – Loss of government funds. – Slows down economic in economic development of a country. 2. 7Conclusion: In conclusion, the ministry of works and transport is falling behind in implementing effective procurement of quality product as a result of increasing discriminatory and non transparent means of procurement that do not favor accountability this was highlighted in the research by (Edgar Agbar and Niegel shipman 2006) titled public procurement reforms in developing countries.According to them public procurement and disposal of public assets authority act (PPDA ACT 2003) gives the organization the mandate for the following functions advisory, data management, capacity building and audit function so as to improve good governance fight corrupti on and promote economic development and thus make key changes in procurement in Uganda and thus helping improve government function in the statutory bodies, central government and local government, However the organization is not autonomous enough to ensure implementation.. CHAPTER THREE Introduction: This chapter discusses how the study will be carried out. It discusses the research design the sampling design, sources of the data, data collection methods, tools, data processing, analysis, and presentation. 3. 1 Research Design The design used will be cross section study where data will be gathered just once over a period of time in the ministry of works and transport ranging from the period (2000-2010).The research will use descriptive research design which describes the phenomenon it will be undertaken in order to ascertain and be able to describe the characteristics of variables of interest. The research sought to explain the relationship between procurement ethics and quality of products procured in the ministry of works and transport. 3. 2 Survey Population The survey population will include the management and employees of the purchasing function and firms offering technical expertise to the purchasing function, the survey population were of 60 people. 3. 3 Sampling Design Purposive and simple random sampling without replacement will be used. 3. 3. Sampling Size The sample size using the krejcie and Morgan (1970) method will be of 37 members, where the sample will be from the ministry of works and transport and consultant firms offering technical expertise. Table 1: Showing Sample Size |Sample group |Sample size | |Procurement office |25 | |Technical experts |12 | |Total |37 | Source: primary data. 3. Source of Data 3. 4. 1Primary Data Primary data will be obtained from the ministry of works and transport through the use of interviews and questionnaires. 3. 4. 2Secondary Data Secondary data will be obtained from the already existing information both inter nal sources which are found within the organization and external sources were collected from publication and journals. 3. 5Data Collection Methods 3. 5. 1Observation The researcher intends to use none controlled non participant observation where the researcher will not participate and will watch everything from a distance while watching the researcher will be noting down the phenomenon. 3. 5. 2SurveyThis will be done through collecting information about the variables that is procurement ethics and the quality of products procured in the ministry of works and transport and technical experts in the sample. 3. 6Data Collection Instrument 3. 6. 1Questionnaire Semi structured questionnaires will be distributed to respondents who will be given time to answer them and return them for solving and analyzing by the researcher. 3. 6. 2Documentary review Secondary data will be obtained from reading already existing notes and taking notes of materials that is related to the research and a conclu sion was reached from them. 3. 6. 3Interview guide, Informal interviews will be conducted using open ended questions the interview guide will help the researcher to carry out dialogue that is meaningful. 3. Data Processing Analysis and Presentation 3. 7. 1Data processing. The researchers after gathering the data will edit code classify and tabulate the data. 3. 7. 2Data analysis. The researcher will use computer programs like Microsoft excel and (SPSS) statistical package for social sciences. This will result in computation of certain measures finding the relationships transforming and modeling data in order to highlight useful information. 3. 7. 3 Data presentation. The researcher will put the results of the research into graphs charts and tables into visual way of looking of data. CHAPTER FOUR PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS, DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION Introduction:This chapter presents analysis done in relation to the study objectives and research questions in chapter one, of this re port under the topic procurement ethics and quality of products procured in the public sector case study of ministry of public works and transport. 4. 1Demographic Characteristics of Respondents Table 2: Showing response rate of respondents |Response |Frequency |Percentage (%) | |Actual response |33 |89. 2 | |Non response |4 |10. 8 | |Total questionnaires issued |37 |100 | Source primary data: Table 2: According to Table 2 above it shows that out of the questionnaires issued the number of response was 89. % which is a good response rate which one can depend on to make conclusion and recommendation and the non response was 10. 8% Table 3: Showing the age of the respondents |Age |Frequency |Percentage (%) | |20-29 |13 |39. 4 | |30-39 |8 |24. 2 | |40-49 |6 |18. 2 | |50 and above |6 |18. 2 | |Total |23 |100 | Source: primary dataMost respondents were in the age group 20-29 comprising 39. 4 % followed by age bracket 30-39 with 24. 2% with the age bracket 40-49 and 50 and above both compr ising 18. 2% this implies that most of the employees are aged 40 years and below. Chart 1: Showing gender of the respondents [pic] Source: primary data According to chart 1 above most of the respondents were male comprising 57. 5% and only 42. 5% of the respondents were female this implies more males are employed than females. Table 4: Showing the Level of Education |Level of education |Frequency |Percentage (%) | |Certificate |3 |9. | |Diploma |9 |27. 3 | |Degree |14 |42. 4 | |Post graduate |6 |18. 2 | |Others |1 |3 | |Total |33 |100 | Source: primary data From table 4 above the level of education was found to be as follows those holding a certificate in procurement were 9. 1%, 27. % of the respondents were diploma holders while majority of the respondents were degree holders 42. 4% with 18. 2% being post graduates while 3% were holding other qualification Table 5: Showing Marital status |Marital status |Frequency |Percentage (%) | |Single |14 |42. 5 | |Married |18 |54. 5 | |Widowe d or divorced |1 |3. 0 | |Total |33 |100. 0 | Source: primary data From the above table 42. % of the respondents were single while 54. 5% are married with 3% being widowed or divorced this shows that most employees working for the organization are married. Table 6: Showing how long one has worked for the Organization |Number of years worked |Frequency |Percentage (%) | |Below 5 years |14 |42. 4 | |Between 5 and 10 years |11 |33. 3 | |Between 11 and 15 years |5 |15. 2 | |Above 15 years |3 |9. | |Total |33 |100. 0 | Source: primary data From the above table showing the number of years the respondents has worked for the organization 42. 4% have worked there for below 5 years, 33. 3% have worked for the organization between 5 and 10 years and 15. 2% have worked for the ministry between 11 and 15 years while 9. 1 % of the respondents have worked for the organization above 15 years. 62 Findings on how products are purchased in the organization Chart 2: Findings if purchase requisition use d are from the user unit [pic] Source: Primary data From chart 2 above it indicates that 36. % of the respondents strongly agreed that purchase requisition from user units are used, 45. 5%agree that purchase requisition from user units are used while 6. 1% are not sure with 12. 1% disagreeing that requisition from user units are used while none of the respondents disagreed this means that purchase requisitions are used. Table 7: showing whether purchase requisition are handled on time |Response |Frequency |Percentage (%) | |Strongly agree |2 |6. 1 | |Agree |13 |39. | |Not sure |8 |24. 2 | |Disagree |7 |21. 2 | |Strongly disagree |3 |9. 1 | |Total |33 |100 | Source: primary data From table 7 above 6. 1% strongly agree there is handling of requisition on time while 39. 4% agree that requisitions are handled on time 24. 2% are not sure whether requisition are handled on time while 21. 2 disagrees with 9. strongly disagreeing this means that purchase requisitions are not handled on time Chart 3: Showing whether PPDA procedure is followed [pic] Source primary data From chart 3 above 21. 2% strongly agree that PPDA procedure are followed 42. 4% agree that PPDA procedures are followed 12. 7 % are not sure whether PPDA procedure is adhered to with 21. 2% disagreeing that PPDA procedures are followed while 30% strongly disagreeing with the statement this implies that PPDA procedure are followed Table 8: Showing whether procedures followed helps in procuring quality products |Response |Frequency |Percentage (%) | |Strongly agree |11 |33. | |Agree |15 |45. 4 | |Not sure |6 |18. 2 | |Disagree |1 |9. 1 | |Strongly disagree |0 |0 | |Total |33 |100 | Source: primary data According to table 8 above 33. 3 % of the respondents strongly agree that procurement procedure followed result in procuring of quality goods with 45. 4% agreeing also, 18. % of the respondents are not sure whether the procedures followed results in procuring quality goods while 9. 1 % disagree with none of the respondents strongly disagreeing this implies that the procedure followed results in procuring quality products. Table 9: Showing whether products procured are of quality |Response |Frequency |Percentage (%) | |Strongly agree |9 |27. 3 | |Agree |13 |39. 3 | |Not sure |6 |18. | |Disagree |4 |18. 2 | |Strongly disagree |1 |3. 0 | |Total |33 |100 | Source: primary data From the findings in table 9 above27. 3% of the respondents strongly agree that products procured are of quality,39. 3% also agree that the products procured are of quality while 18. 2% are not sure 12. 7% of the respondents disagree goods procured are of quality while 3. 0% strongly disagree.Most employee’s think that me reason goods, being procured now are now are of quality is because of the PPDA procedure’s put in place this implies that products procured are of quality. 4. 3 Findings on causes of unethical practice in procurement Chart 4: Showing relationship between ethics and procurement [pic] So urce: primary data The presentation from chart 4 above shows that there is a relationship between ethics and procurement because 91% of the respond agreed with the statement while 9% stated that there is no relationship, They gave the main reason being that that an ethical person is willing always to conducts himself in a moral way and this guides procurement. Ethics was defined by many as a discipline governing conduct in on organization.Table 10: showing whether weak enforcement measure of procurement law contributes to unethical practice |Response |Frequency |Percentage (%) | |Strongly agree |9 |27. 3 | |Agree |14 |42. 4 | |Not sure |2 |6. 0 | |Disagree |4 |12. 1 | |Strongly disagree |4 |12. | |Total |33 |100 | Source: primary data According to the results of table 10 above 27. 3% of the respondents thought that weak enforcement measure of the law contributed to unethical practices with 42. 4% agreeing while 6. 0% were not sure 12. 1% disagreed and 12. 1% strongly disagreed this indicates that weak enforcement measures of the law contributes to unethical practices. Table 11: Showing whether moral degradation in the society is a cause of unethical conducts |Response |Frequency |Percentage (%) | |Strongly agree |8 |24. | |Agree |10 |30. 3 | |Not sure |7 |21. 2 | |Disagree |5 |15. 2 | |Strongly disagree |3 |9. 1 | |Total |33 |100 | Source: primary data Results from table 11 above shows that 24. 2% of the population strongly agreed that moral degradation in the society causes unethical conduct with 30. % agreeing while 21. 2% were not sure with 21. 2 disagreeing that moral degradation in society causes unethical conduct and 9. 1% strongly disagreed this means that the respondents agree that moral degradation of the society contributes to unethical conduct. Chart 5: Showing how low pay has contributed to unethical practices. [pic] Source: primary data According to the presentation in chart 5 above, 45. 5% of the respondents agreed that low pay has contributed to unethical practices with 15. 1% not being sure and 9. 1% disagreeing non of the respondent strongly disagreed that low pay does not cause unethical practices this indicates that 90. % of the respondents agree that low pay contributes to unethical practices. Table 12: Showing whether unethical practice of bidder contributes to unethical conduct by staff |Response |Frequency |Percentage (%) | |Strongly agree |10 |30. 3 | |Agree |10 |30. 3 | |Not sure |4 |12. 1 | |Disagree |6 |18. | |Strongly disagree |3 |9. 1 | |Total |33 |100 | Source: Primary data According to the results in table 12 above, 30. 3% of the respondents strongly agreed that unethical practice of bidder contributes to unethical practice of employees with 30. 3% also agreeing while 12. 1% were not sure. 18. 2% disagreed that unethical practice of leader contributes to unethical practice of employees while 9. 1% strongly disagreed this gives the implication that conduct of bidder can affect the conduct of procurement staf f.Some of unethical practices cited by the respondents include corruption, favoritism, fraud, extortion and sexual harassment, bribery with the respondents citing greed, low payment, and lack of effective reporting system as the main causes of unethical practices 4. 4Findings on the relationship between ethics and quality of goods procured Chart 6: Findings if there is relationship between ethics and quality of goods procured [pic] Source: Primary Data Most of the respondents from the findings of chart 6 above agreed that there is a relationship between ethics and quality of goods procured comprising 94% while 6% stated that there was no relationship. According to the respondents when one is ethical it results to award of bids to best evaluated bidders and that the procurement procedures will be adhered to resulting to procurement of quality goodsTable 13: showing whether the organization code of ethics contributes to quality products being procured |Response |Frequency |Percentage (%) | |Strongly agree |9 |27. 3 | |Agree |11 |33. 3 | |Not sure |6 |18. 2 | |Disagree |4 |12. 1 | |Strongly disagree |3 |9. | |Total |33 |100 | Source: primary data From table 13 above, 27. 3% strongly agree that the organization code of ethics contribute to quality products being produced with 33. 3% agreeing while 18. 2% of the respondents were not sure, 12. 1% of the respondents disagree that the organization code of ethics has contributed to procuring of quality products with 9. 1% strongly disagreeing this implies that organization code of ethics contributes to procurement of quality products. Table 14: showing whether suppliers meet organization specification of quality products Response |Frequency |Percentage (%) | |Strongly agree |7 |21. 2 | |Agree |14 |42. 4 | |Not sure |4 |12. 1 | |Disagree |5 |15. 2 | |Strongly disagree |3 |9. 1 | |Total |33 |100 | Source primary dataThe results in table 14 show that 42. 4 % of the respondents agree that suppliers meet organization specif ication with 21. 2% strongly agreeing while 12. 1% are not sure. 15. 2% of the respondents disagree that suppliers meet organization specification with 9. 1% strongly disagreeing this indicates that suppliers meet specification Table 15: showing whether unethical practice staff has resulted in procurement poor quality products. |Response |Frequency |Percentage % | |Strongly agree |10 |30. | |Agree |14 |42. 4 | |Not sure |4 |12. 1 | |Disagree |3 |9. 1 | |Strongly disagree |2 |6. 1 | |Total |33 |100 | Source: primary data From table 15 above 30. % of the respondents strongly agreed that unethical practice of staff have resulted in procurement of poor quality products with 42. 4% agreeing while 12. 1% were not sure. 9. 1% of the respondents disagreed that unethical practice of employees does not lead to procurement of poor quality products with 9. 1 strongly disagreeing this means that unethical practice of staff contributes to procuring poor quality products. Chart 7: showing wheth er organization have a mean of checking unethical practice of employees. [pic] Source primary data: According to the presentation in chart 7 above 27. 3% of the respondents strongly agree that the organization has a means of checking unethical practice with 48. 5% agreeing, 6. % of the respondents are not sure. With 12. 1% of the respondents disagreeing that the organization has a means of checking unethical conduct of employees with 12. 1% strongly disagreeing this implies the organization has means of checking unethical practice of employees. 4. 5Ethics in the Organization An interview with the employees of the procurement Department in the Ministry of Works and Transport (MOWT) the researcher found out that the PPDA act and regulation section 49 and 87 respectively