Consumer Behaviour- Soft Drink Industry Essay

Introduction The soft drink industry in India is one of the most competitive with many international and domestic players operating in the market. Initially domestic players like Parle group dominated the Indian soft drink market with brands like Thums up, Limca, Goldspot etc. However with the re-entry of MNC players like Pepsi in 1991 and Coca-Cola in 1993, the market took a decisive shift in favour of these MNCs and over the years Coca-Cola and Pepsi have become the prominent players in the market. Soft drinks can be principally classified into carbonated and non-carbonated. Carbonated drinks include cola, lemon and orange flavors while non carbonated drinks principally comprise of mango flavor. The carbonated cola products constitute 60% of the soft drink market and three prominent brands in this category are Pepsi, Coca-Cola and Thums up. Thums up was a brand from Parle until Coca-Cola bought it in 1993 and tried to kill it to push its own brand. But the loyal customers of Thums up never let it die and the brand still is the leading brand in the Indian soft drink market. Company profile: The Coca-Cola Company The Coca-Cola Company is the world’s largest beverage company. The company’s best known product Coca-Cola was invented by John Stith Pemberton in 1886. The Coca-Cola formula and brand was bought in 1889 by Asa Candler who incorporated the Coca-Cola Company in 1892. Coca-Cola currently offers nearly 400 brands in over 200 countries or territories and serves 1. 5 billion servings each day. The Coca-Cola Company is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Its current chairman and CEO is Muhtar Kent. Coca-Cola was the leading soft drink brand in India until 1977 when it left rather than reveal its formula to the government and reduce its equity stake as required under the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) which governed the operations of foreign companies in India. After a 16-year absence, Coca-Cola returned to India in 1993, cementing its presence with a deal that gave Coca-Cola ownership of the nation’s top soft-drink brands and bottling network. Coke’s acquisition of local popular Indian brands including Thums. Up (the most trusted brand in India), Limca, Maaza, Citra and Gold Spot provided not only physical manufacturing, bottling, and distribution assets but also strong consumer preference. This combination of local and global brands enabled Coca-Cola to exploit the benefits of global branding and global trends in tastes while also tapping into traditional domestic markets. From 1993 to 2003, Coca-Cola invested more than US$1 billion in India, making it one of the country’s top international investors. By 2003, Coca-Cola India had won the prestigious Woodruf Cup from among 22 divisions of the Company based on three broad parameters of volume, profitability, and quality. Coca-Cola India achieved 39% volume growth in 2002 while the industry grew 23% nationally and the Company reached breakeven profitability in the region for the first time. Encouraged by its 2002 performance, Coca-Cola India announced plans to double its capacity at an investment of $125 million (Rs.750 crore) between September 2002 and March 2003. Coca-Cola India produced its beverages with 7,000 local employees at its twenty-seven wholly-owned bottling operations supplemented by seventeen franchisee-owned bottling operations and a network of twenty-nine contract-packers to manufacture a range of products for the company. The complete manufacturing process had a documented quality control and assurance program including over 400 tests performed throughout the process. The complexity of the consumer soft drink market demanded a distribution process to support 700,000 retail outlets serviced by a fleet that includes 10-ton trucks, open-bay three wheelers, and trademarked tricycles and pushcarts that were used to navigate the narrow alleyways of the cities. In addition to its own employees, Coke indirectly created employment for another 125,000 Indians through its procurement, supply, and distribution networks. Sanjiv Gupta, President and CEO of Coca-Cola India, joined Coke in 1997 as Vice President, Marketing and was instrumental to the company’s success in developing a brand relevant to the Indian consumer and in tapping India’s vast rural market potential. Following his marketing responsibilities, Gupta served as Head of Operations for Company-owned bottling operations and then as Deputy President. Product Range The product range of Coca-Cola includes beverages like: * Coca-Cola The parent brand of Coca-Cola Company, Coca-Cola has a truly remarkable heritage. The world’s favourite drink. * Thums Up Strong Cola taste. Thums Up is a leading sparkling soft drink and most trusted brand in Indian soft drink market. * Sprite A global leader in the lemon lime category, it is second largest sparkling beverage Brand in India. Sprite with it’s cut-thru perspective has managed to be a true teen icon. Sprite’s all about being true to yourself and living by the simple and honest code of your own instincts. No more†¦. no less. * Fanta Over the years Fanta has occupied a strong market place and is identified as â€Å"The Fun Catalyst†. Perceived as a fun youth brand, Fanta stands for its vibrant color, tempting taste and tingling bubbles. * Limca Lime ‘n’ lemoni Limca can cast a tangy refreshing spell on anyone, anywhere. Born in 1971, Limca has remained unchallenged as the No. 1 Sparkling drink in the Cloudy lemon segment. * Minute Maid Pulpy Orange One of world’s largest juice drink brands. Eliminated 80% of the water in orange juice, forming a frozen concentrate that when reconstituted created orange juice. * Maaza Imagine the delicious fruit, Mango bottled. This is what Maaza is all about. Universally loved for its taste, color, thickness, Maaza is the mango lover’s first choice. * Kinley Mineral water, a thirst quencher that refreshes, a life giving force that washes all the toxins away. * Georgia Introduced in 2004, the GEORGIA Gold range of Tea and Coffee beverages is the perfect solution for your office and restaurant needs. Product Information: Thums Up Background Thums Up is a carbonated soft drink (cola) popular and largest selling brand in India where its bold, red thumbs up logo is common. During the late 1970s, the American cola giant Coca-Cola abandoned operations in India rather than make a forced sale of 60% of their equity to an Indian company. Following this, the Parle brothers, Ramesh Chauhan and Prakash Chauhan, along with then CEO Bhanu Vakil, launched Thums Up as their flagship drink, adding to their portfolio of older brands Limca (lime flavor) and Gold Spot (orange flavor). Thums Up was basically a cola drink, but the company never claimed it as such. The formula was just as closely guarded as the famous Coke formula. Thums Up enjoyed a near monopoly with a much stronger market share often overshadowing its other rivals like Coca-Cola’s Campa cola, Double seven and Dukes, but there were many small regional players who had their own market. It even withstood liquor giant United Breweries Group (makers of Kingfisher Beer) Mcdowell’s Crush, which was another Cola drink, and Double Cola. In 1990, when the Indian government opened the market to multinationals, Pepsi was the first to come in. Thums Up went up against the international giant for an intense onslaught with neither side giving any quarter. With Pepsi roping in major Indian movie stars like Juhi Chawla, to thwart the Indian brand, Thums Up increased its spending on Cricket sponsorship. Then the capacity went from 250ml to 300ml, aptly named MahaCola. This nickname gained popularity in smaller towns where people would ask for â€Å"Maha Cola† instead of Thums Up. The consumers were divided where some felt Pepsi’s mild taste was rather bland. In 1993 Coca-Cola re-entered India after a prolonged absence from 1977 to 1993. But Coca-Cola’s entry made things even more complicated and the fight became a three-way battle. That same year, in a move that baffled many, Parle sold out to Coke for a meager US$ 60 million (considering the market share it had). Now Coca-Cola’s, and Coke has a habit of killing brands in its portfolio that might overshadow it. Coca-Cola soon introduced its cola in cans which was all the rage in India, with Thums Up introduced alongside, albeit in minuscule numbers. Later Coca-Cola started pulling out the Thums Up brand which at that time still had more than 30% market share. Despite its strong overall equity, the brand Thums Up was losing its popularity among the core cola drinking age group of 12 to 25 year olds, partly due to nil advertising. Coca-Cola apparently did try to kill Thums Up, but soon realized that Pepsi would benefit more than Coke if Thums Up was withdrawn from the market. Instead, Coke decided to use Thums Up to attack Pepsi. The Coca-Cola Company by this time had about 60. 5% share of the Indian soft-drink market but much to its dismay found out that if it took out Thums Up, it would remain with only 28. 72% of the market (according to a report by NGO Finance&Trade in India), hence it once again dusted out the Thums Up brand and re-launched it targeting the 30 to 45 year olds. The brand was re-positioned as a â€Å"manly† drink, drawing on its strong taste qualities. Known to be a strong drink with more power packed into it than other colas, Thums Up kick-started an aggressive campaign directly attacking Pepsi’s TV ads, focusing on the strength of the drink hoping that the depiction of an â€Å"adult† drink would appeal to young consumers. â€Å"Grow up to Thums Up† was a successful campaign. The brand’s market share and equity soared. The brand was unshakeable and Coca-Cola’s declaration that Thums Up was India’s premier cola brand in terms of market share did not surprise many. Other campaigns from Thums Up build on its â€Å"strength† and its perception as a macho drink. Ads showing the Thums Up man, riding through the desert in search of a cantina that sells Thums Up rather than drink another cola, stuck in the minds of many Indians and caught the imagination of youngsters who want to be seen as men. 4 P’s of Marketing Mix for Thums Up. Product: Thums Up is known for its strong, fizzy taste and its confident, mature and uniquely masculine attitude. This brand clearly seeks to separate the men from the boys. Beverage offered by the company in the size of: * SSRB (Standard size returnable bottle) * PET (600 ml, 1. 5 liter plastic bottle) * CANS (tin pack 330 ml) Price: Thums Up has adopted competition based pricing and so the prices are similar to that of other cola drinks. 1. Glass Bottles – 200ml, 300ml – Rs 12. 00 onwards 2. PET Bottles – 600ml, 1500ml, 2 ltrs, 2. 25 ltrs. – Rs 25. 00 onwards 3. Can – 330ml – Rs 35. 00 – 45. 00 4. Fountain – Customized – Rs 15. 00-35. 00 can go upto Rs 60. 00 in movie halls Company offers discount on prices or extra quantity of cold drink during festive seasons and winter seasons. Place: Thums Up has a strong distribution channel to make the product available in the market any time, and maintain optimum level of stock in the market. It covers the rural part also to increase the customer reach. The soft drink is made available at all the possible convenient locations to the customers – local area grocery shops, hotels, restaurants, movie halls, multiplexes, shopping malls, supermarkets vending machines, fountain outlets. Promotion: Thums Up has consistently built its sales promotion through various techniques like, blind taste tests, sponsoring exciting events and sports, conducting various contests (win a motor bike contest), etc. Also its ads are designed to create excitement and to communicate the macho personality of the brand. An ad campaign of Thums Up where Akshay Kumar (its brand ambassador since 2003) performs the extreme sport of ‘parkour’ to grab his bottle of Thums Up from a suggestively attractive lady. â€Å"Taste the Thunder† has been the most breakthrough communication campaign for the brand. It stands for masculinity that has constantly been redefined over the years. Competition Thums Up went from being the only cola in the cantina to facing competition from both Coca-Cola and Pepsi. Twenty-six years later it’s still a top cola in India and is one of the strongest brands in the country across categories. The brand name’s positive associations of victory, achievement and celebration are apparently merited as it continues to do well despite a challenging landscape. | | | | | Thums Up’s first competition came in the form of Campa Cola. There were allegations of aggressive exchanges between the two brands at street level but Thums Up (owned by Parle at the time) apparently won the battle both on the ground and in the consumer’s mind. Campa Cola discontinued in 2000 (only to re-emerge as less of a challenger in 2002 from Pure Drinks New Delhi). For a short while Thums Up’s strong taste enjoyed success across the country with scarcely any competition; the brand reigned supreme in the cola market. Currently Thums Up is facing competition from lots of brands coming in the soft drink industry and still it has maintained its top position in the minds of Indian consumers. Today, an Indian consumer sees Thums Up as a unique brand personality which no other brand has acquired in the soft drink industry. | | Conclusion| Thums Up is amongst the oldest domestic brands in soft drinks industry in India and it is the most popular and trusted brands in India. Thums Up enjoyed a near monopoly in India with a much stronger market share till 1990s. But with the advent of Pepsi (1992) and Coca Cola (1993), Thums Up started facing stiff competition. In 1993, Parle sold out to Coke and Thums Up became the brand of Coca-Cola Company. Though Coca-Cola tried to kill Thums-Up to build its own brand, it sooner realized the importance of Thums Up to survive in the Indian market to beat its core competitor Pepsi. Today Thums Up has grown its image from just a soft drink to a lot more for Indian consumers. It has established itself as a distinguished brand with strong taste and which communicates maturity, daring and excitement to its consumers. Thums Up has consistently maintained honesty and trust with its consumers and that’s why it is still the number one cola brand in the country.

Emerging Leadership Trends And Theories Essay

The contingency theory of leadership concentrates on the efficiency of leadership in terms of organizing, leading and making decisions for an organization, and it is dependent on matching a leader’s style to the right situation. This theory was introduced by Fielder, who analyzed various leaders in different contexts, but mostly he studied on the military. The theory assumes that behavior and styles cannot be influenced or modified; it is contradictory to ‘’situational leadership† which emphasized the need for the leaders to adapt to the situation. Besides, the term ‘’situation† implies to a complex combination of leader-member relation, task structure, and position power. 1. Leader-member relation is an evaluation of leadership acceptance between the organizational hierarchies. Therefore, the relationship is high when the leader is respected and accepted by his or her juniors. 2. Task structure is an evaluation of the simplicity of the task or project and their methods used to achieve the end product. 3. Positional power is an evaluation of amount power the leader has to manipulate the productivity of the juniors. Therefore, the power is high if a great deal of power is formally attributed to the position of the leader. Transformation Leadership Theory Leadership expert James Burns introduced the transformation leadership theory. As per Bass, transformation leadership can be identified when leaders’ and followers cooperate in order to advance or change to a higher level of motivation. Therefore through the strength of their personality and vision, the leaders can inspire followers to change perceptions, expectation and motivation to work to attain a common goal. There are also four components of transformations leadership theory; 1. Intellectual stimulation arises when the leader motivates the followers to explore new ways of doing things and invent new opportunities to learn. Individual consideration that  involves encouraging and offering support to individual followers 2. Inspirational motivation arises when the leaders have a clear perspective that they can articulate to followers. 3. Idealized influence occurs when the followers emulate and internalize the leader’s ideas that they usually respect and trust as their role model. Situational Leadership Theory Situational leadership theory was developed by a professor known as Paul Hersey. The fundamental underpinning situational leadership theory is that leadership depends on each situation. Therefore, there is no single leadership style that can be considered the best. A good leader is the one who can adapt to his or her objectives and goals in accomplishing his leadership. In fact, the capacity to assume responsibility, education, experience and goal setting are the main factors that make a leader successful. Also, the maturity or ability of the followers is a critical factor as well which facilitate good leadership.

How Did Mass Media Influence Adolescents and Children in the Last Ten Years? Essay

TV Media’s Influence on Child Development http://www. cleancutmedia. com/tv-shows/tv-medias-influence-on-child-development â€Å"Several risks to pediatric health are literally staring children in the face. It’s time to call the doctor. † Want to share this old, but great article from the Harvard Medical Alumni Bulletin. Very interesting points about how media cuts into many issues such as obesity, eating disorders, attention disorders, violence, sex, and drug use and how Medical Professionals need to deeply consider how much media has an influence on the development of these. As this fairly long article is well written, I will simply excerpt huge chunks of it. I’ve copied out significant paragraphs and bolded the main points. Hope it is helpful. Full Article  Here. The most important thing we’ve learned, So far as children are concerned, Is never, never, never let Them near your television set†¦ They sit and stare and stare and sit Until they’re hypnotized by it†¦ Did you ever wonder exactly what This does to your beloved tot? His brain becomes as soft as cheese His powers of thinking rust and freeze He cannot think—he only sees! the Oompa-Loompas in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory TV Media on Child Development The Oompa-Loompas’ cautionary song about the hypnotic effects of television on children may have seemed alarmist in 1964 when Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was first published, but now its lyrics seem almost understated. In Roald Dahl’s story, television addict Mike Teavee pays for his obs ession by getting shrunk to the size of an actor on a television screen. Dahl exaggerates the effects of excessive viewing, but for children glued to media screens today, the consequences may be more insidious and just as hazardous. Decades of research have established that television and other screen media—movies, the Internet, and video games—constitute a powerful environmental influence on children’s health and development, according to the Center on Media and Child Health at Children’s Hospital Boston. American children aged 8 to 18 spend an average of 6 hours and 21 minutes daily using media—more time than they spend in school or with their parents. And the risks of so much time spent in thrall to their screens are serious. More than 2,200 studies have linked media use and aggressive behavior. By age 18, a child will, on average, have witnessed 200,000 acts of violence, including 18,000 murders. Children’s programs—shows that one would expect to be free of violence—average 14 violent acts per hour, 8 more than adult programs. For adolescents, the influence of violence in media may even prove fatal: the top three causes of death among 15- to 19-year-olds all involve accidental or intended violence. Media’s Influence on the Mind Like the Oompa-Loompas, Michael Rich ’91 understands the powerful clutch media can have on the mind, especially the mind of a child. So well has research documented the connection between watching violence on television and aggressive behavior, he says, that the correlation is â€Å"stronger than those linking calcium with bone density and passive smoke with lung cancer. † Rich, a pediatrician and former filmmaker who worked for two years with the famed Japanese director Akira Kurosawa, directs the Center on Media and Child Health. Much of Rich’s research has focused on the dangers stemming from the violence depicted on television and, more recently, the violence that permeates video games. One 2004 study by another group compared the physiological responses of adults playing four different video games, two with storylines and two without. The researchers found that story-based video games led to significantly more character and game identification and increased physiological arousal. Other studies have documented how such physiological responses can lead to aggression. â€Å"If you watch a violent show and a half hour later go to a store where someone cuts you in line, you’re more likely to respond aggressively,† Rich says. â€Å"Over time, small incidents accumulate and form patterns of violent behavior. What matters is that you learn from what you experience. † And by learning, he means the hardwired kind. â€Å"Brain mapping indicates that media violence is processed along primitive survival pathways and stored in long-term memory,† he says. In other words, we embed media violence deeply in our brains. In work with functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, Rich’s team has discovered that â€Å"the brain regions activated when viewing violence onscreen are the same ones that light up when those suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder relive their traumas. † Alvin Poussaint, founder of the Media Center at the Judge Baker Children’s Center and an HMS professor of psychiatry, says that the way children learn from television can cause another form of lasting harm. â€Å"If children watch ‘edutainment’—shows that teach through song and dance—they begin to associate learning with an entertainment format and expect that format when they go to school,† he says. â€Å"But teachers aren’t going to sing and dance for them. So then children complain that school is boring. Compared to the fast-paced, exciting shows they’re used to on television, it is boring. Nothing will meet that standard. Television constantly ups the ante. † Some of the newest research suggests that television and the multimedia world in which children simultaneously watch MTV, listen to iPods, and chat on the Internet may be contributing to the increase in diagnoses of attention disorders. Rich believes that fMRI studies on attention, which are only now just getting started, will help establish whether a connection exists. Certainly, researchers have found a correlation between media use and reading. â€Å"Kids who watch the most television don’t do as well in school,† says Poussaint. Television is not the best way to learn; it’s too passive and noninteractive. † A 2003 study found that toddlers and older children with screen media in their bedrooms learned to read later and read less than those with no screen media in their rooms. The Oompa-Loompas begin to seem like prophets. Media can be a Good Influence on Development John Livings tone ’58, a pediatric psychiatrist at McLean Hospital, an HMS assistant professor, and a consultant to the television industry, is campaigning for PBS to embed emotional literacy in its new programming and for the cable industry to embrace health-risk standards. Television shows can model positive ways for handling feelings,† he says. â€Å"Social learning research shows that when children watch likable characters struggling with decision-making, they can learn better impulse control, especially when they see the realistic results of the choices the characters made. † The power of prosocial programming can be so strong, Livingstone adds, that even violent content—when portrayed realistically and in the context of outcomes—can be beneficial. â€Å"If it’s handled well,† he says, â€Å"violence with consequences can promote socially responsible behavior. Let’s say a show features a gang of kids on a street. In one scenario, a gang member remarks that a passing kid looks like a wimp and says, ‘Let’s punch him out. ’ The group beats him up. † â€Å"In a better scenario,† Livingstone says, â€Å"the gang member remarks that a passing kid looks like a wimp and says, ‘Let’s punch him out. ’ But this time a likable gang member speaks up against the plan, then another and another. Half the group takes off in protest. The other half beats the boy up and later faces legal and parental repercussions. The program could retain its dramatic tension while modeling a socially acceptable option in the teenager’s world. † Change Media Intake, Change Everything Else Strasburger, who researches media’s effects on children and adolescents at the University of New Mexico, also wants to promote media literacy, but finds it difficult to convince physicians, parents, and teachers that the issue should take priority. â€Å"When I consulted with the National Parent Teacher Association,† he says, â€Å"its leaders had a hundred concerns on their list, and media literacy was nowhere near the top. They wanted to talk about obesity, eating disorders, and bullying, but didn’t realize that media affect all those problems. Many parents and teachers believe media have a minor influence. That might have been true when they were growing up, but it sure isn’t the case now. † Poussaint adds that parents should play an important role. â€Å"Parents need to watch television with their children and explain what’s make-believe,† he says. â€Å"Commercials are especially insidious, because children don’t begin to understand the persuasive intent of ads until about age eight. Commercials also pit children against parents. Television tells children a particular candy bar will make them happy and, when parents refuse to allow it, the children see their parents as denying them this happiness. † Strasburger says some of this work can be done in school. â€Å"We need to teach kids skepticism about advertising and television programming,† he says. â€Å"They should understand, for example, why a commercial or show airs when it does. We already have a system in place for teaching media literacy: sex and drug education programs in schools. Both could incorporate media literacy, and teachers could take the lead. †

Practice Study - 78303731 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Practice Study - 78303731 - Essay Example The Community Social Work Group is a part of the Community and Well-Being Directorate located in the South East of England. The organization mainly works with adults that are people above the age of eighteen with physical disability and with the old people. The team conducts Assessments of Need according to the terms of NHS and Community Care Act 1990 which involves administering of care packages and then reviewing and monitoring if those packages are delivered properly. The emphasis of the organization is to upgrade their packages in the long run which will benefit the service users to a greater extent. The organizational structure is as follows. It comprises of one Team Manager two Assistant Team Managers, two Senior Practitioners, ten Social Workers, four Assistant Care Managers and a Trainee Social Worker. The administrative support is provided throughout the team by four members of the staff and after the restructuring of the team, three reviewing officers have also become members of the team. The entire team works together to fulfil its mission, which is to provide support to those adults who are with special physical needs. Following this work, being a social worker I was able to establish full confidence in Mr. X that his identity and privacy will be protected and on the grounds of anonymity Mr. X was able to confide in me all his problems and could explain the various situations which he faced. As I started conversing with Mr. X, he told me that he was utterly frustrated and stressed out and needed some time for him to restore his self. I as a social worker had to keep this situations in mind while handling them, I had to be careful and arrange the treatment in such a way that the sentiments of Mr. X is not hurt and at the same his purpose is also completely fulfilled. The part of South East England where the community works is a highly populated area and thus provides the organization with different types of

Environmental Science Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Environmental Science Questions - Essay Example Mars has 95 percent carbon dioxide, three percent nitrogen, two percent argon and less than one percent of oxygen. The differences and similarities offer clues of atmospheric evolutions over millions of years. In the same manner, if all life ceases on earth, it would take several hundreds of millions of years for it to be like Venus and Mars. Of all life forms, plants play the most significant role in reducing levels of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere. Without plants, the Earth’s atmosphere would be carbon-dominated in a similar way to Mars and Venus. For instance, millions of years ago, Venus was cooler that it currently is. Via a process known as runaway greenhouse effect, the planet was heated and most of the carbon dioxide in the rocks was released. This created a dense atmosphere that did not allow enough solar energy to reach the surface as well as hindering radiation back into the space. Effectively, without life on Earth, especially plant life, the atmosphe re would eventually have no oxygen and hydrogen and be laden with carbon dioxide. Temperatures and atmospheric pressure would also rise significantly. Question Two The Gaia hypothesis suggests that on Earth, there is a constant interaction between organisms and their inorganic surroundings. Evolving together, they form a complex, self-regulating system which contributes to the maintenance of the conditions supporting life on earth. The hypothesis is a true representation of how nature works because it explains how the abiotic environment is influenced by the biota and how, in turn, the environment influences the biota. For example, from the Precambrian era, photosynthetic bacteria and their activity have modified the atmosphere of planet Earth and transformed it into an aerobic one, which supports the evolution of life. This aspect of Gaia renders true the fact that the earth is constantly seeking the optimum chemical and physical balance to sustain contemporary life via an assortme nt of feedback loops. The hypothesis brings out the dynamic processes on earth and shows that there actually exists a link between the apparently contrasting biological and physical processes. Indeed, the balance as explained by the hypothesis regulates the salinity of oceans, atmospheric oxygen, carbon dioxide processing and Earth’s surface temperature. Like shown through scientific examples like the simplified Daisyworld simulations, organisms on Earth can influence and control their own survival as well as the environment. In the simulations, black daisies absorb most of the solar energy, making the environment unbearably hot. On the other hand, white daisies reflect back most of the solar energy, making the environment significantly cooler. When self-regulation takes over, there is a fluctuation in the number of black and white daisies and, eventually, the atmospheric temperature until a balance which can sustain life is achieved. Question Three In a natural environment, there exists a mixture of species with varied levels of success. One species or a combination of several may overshadow the rest in biological activity and their mass, hence become the dominant one. They greatly affect environmental conditions for other species. Conversely, there are also other species of intermediate abundance or scarcity, and their numbers primarily determine the diversity (or the richness in species) of the community. When a

Service Encounter Jounals (Service Marketing) Essay - 1

Service Encounter Jounals (Service Marketing) - Essay Example lue formation, greater participation of customers in manufacture procedure, other people may shape part of product experience, better variability in ready inputs and outputs, numerous services are hard for customers to assess, service products are short-lived and cannot be inventoried, time factor is additional important, release systems comprise electronic and bodily channels. Two good ways to decide if a customer is miserable is, first, they dont want to disburse for a high-quality or service, and two, and they bad mouth and protest about an industry. Complaints can harm a companys picture. Word-of-mouth complaining is bad sufficient, but at the present there are web sites that provide to open forums of customers real or likely grumblings. A web site for Sprint clientele offers clientele and employees to inform their stories. "So whether you are [a] discontented employee, or ex-employee, a client who has been slammed, crowded, [miss]-charged, spoken to rudely, unnoticed, or have received simple old awful service, you can inform your story and well place it here." (Sprint) This venting opening can depiction a corporation for its wrong doing, or on the other hand, it can cast a shadow of hesitation on an ethically run industry unjustly. So what behaviors do bad clientele have, besides not paying and awful mouthing? There are clientele that do not have the where-with-all to uphold control when they are annoyed. They can become orally abusive, and in a number of cases, physically rude. Owner Kevin Wyman of Off-road Outlet Inc. communal, "Into every commerce owners lap a few easier said than done customers have to fall. Once youve been on the in receipt of end of their ire, you be acquainted with why theyre called clientele from hell." (McCune) Learning how to administer these types of clientele can alleviate stress for the clientele and workers. Customers that are unaccustomed of foodstuffs or services can be grievant. Many times there are prospect that dont get

Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 11

Personal Statement Example I have therefore over time learnt to be hardworking and always desire environments that stimulate my intellectual abilities and this I hope to enjoy at California University. As a result of the cultivated culture of handwork and desire for all round development I attained very good grades in subjects such as mathematics and English as well as sports subjects like Soccer and physical education classes. I also have a strong desire of learning in environments with people from different parts of the world since I believe there is strength in diversity. I therefore am applying for the University of California’s transfer program not only to benefit from the challenges of being in new environment but also to benefit from learning in a diverse environment that will enhance cultural exchange. I believe therefore the educational experience at the University of California will be enriching and fulfilling in terms of meeting my professional goals. I am a strong disciple of knowledge and quality education hence would always strive to get just that and apply the same to the betterment of humanity. I believe the very diverse learning environment that is the University of California will give me an opportunity to independently learn, interact with people from all over the world and stimulate my critical thought. I will make use of all opportunities to gain knowledge which I should apply in offering solutions to our world’s many problems on graduating an Actuarial Scientist from the University of California. By applying my knowledge and offering solutions to issues facing the world I believe will be able to touch, transform lives of people and contribute significantly towards society’s health. I am also an avid sports person; I highly appreciate the value of sports in enhancing the health and stability of society. I studied and attained straight A grades in soccer and physical education while at college. I participated as a soccer player in the

FACILITIES MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

FACILITIES MANAGEMENT - Essay Example Procurement, innovation and FM services 9 3.1 Innovative procurement routes based on contingency approach 9 3.2 Innovative procurement routes through e-procurement 10 3.3 Innovative procurement routes based on real options 11 3.4 Innovative procurement routes – needs and challenges 11 4. Conclusion 12 References 13 1. Introduction The increase of competition in all industries worldwide has been a phenomenon of the modern market. Under these conditions, firms that are interesting in keeping their competitive advantage need to emphasize on innovation. Traditionally, innovation has been regarded as an element of the organizational strategy; indeed, most of organizational plans include rules that promote innovation. Current paper focuses on the examination of innovation in relation to FM but also in relation to the procurement process. In order to understand the context of innovation in FM, it would be necessary to refer primarily to the definition of the above concept, as given b y Dogson et al. (2008); the above definition can be described as follows: ‘Innovation depends upon a firm’s ability to create new products and services and make and deliver them’ (Dogson et al 2008, p.235). Apart from innovation – especially in regard to Facilities Management, current study focuses on the identification of the forms of procurement – as it can being transformed, aiming to become more innovative; the requirements of procurement, especially regarding its alignment with the innovation process are critically discussed aiming to identify the terms under which innovative procurement routes can be related to improved FM services. The two key issues presented above are discussed in the sections that follow. It should be noted that the main body of the paper has been divided into two major parts – divided into sub-sections – so that the answers to each of the questions of the case study to be clear. It is concluded that innovati on can be indispensable part of Facilities management supply chain management but their relationship is likely to change continuously, such as in the case of procurement and innovation. 2. Innovation in facilities management supply chain management 2.1 Supply chain management during the innovation design In the context of innovation, FM supply chain management can be highly differentiated, aiming to support the increase of organizational competitiveness within its market. It should be noted here that the potential update of FM supply chain management using the rules of innovation would be a complex process; an indicative form of this process is presented in the study of Chan et al. (2005). In the above study reference is made to innovation as a condition for the improvement of FM supply chai

Final plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final plan - Essay Example Thus the above condition does reflect that the product is quite new to the target population of around 690,850 people in Guatemala. This population is held to largely consist of the elite households in the region that lone account for around 50 percent of the total wealth. Thus from the above data it is quite evident that the target population which is comprised by around 10 percent of the total population of Guatemala has the potential to invest in large amounts for acquiring the product. This calls for rendering a large promotional and advertising campaign to help relate the product effectively with the people falling in the target population. The product being in the introductory stage calls for effective advertising and promotional activities. Advertising and promotional activities thereby are required to get large scale support of considerable investments and must endeavor to project the salient benefits attached to the product. In regards to choosing the media for advertising the product in the region it is understood that the media like radio and television would help support the largest part of the advertising activities (Bryson, 303). The majority of the population in Guatemala has access to radio and television for which such media can be effectively considered for advertising the product to the target market. Again the use of print media also constitutes an integral part for advertising the products for a study reflects that newspapers do contribute in a significant fashion in regards to advertising activities in the region (Fox, 52). The availability and thereby use of internet among the population in Guatemala is highly restricted with only 10.37 percent of the population having access to such. Thus the advertisements can be rendered through slots prepared in regards to radio and television as broadcasting media and full or half pager advertisements rendered in regards to print media

Interpetive journey for new testament letters Essay

Interpetive journey for new testament letters - Essay Example Modern Christians are now being swayed by different doctrines as the early Christians experienced. They also struggle with their surroundings in terms of getting rich, educated and competitive. Religions were abundantly affecting the Christians then as they do today. Greek philosophy greatly influenced them also while contemporary Christians are largely influenced by science and technological advancements. Communication is now fast and so is the indoctrination of Christians happening worldwide in just a matter of seconds. The early Christians’ faiths were tested when other doctrines were introduced to them which are almost the same in today’s religious issues. There are those who encourage other teachings because they consider Jesus as only ‘one’ among the many ways to heaven and others even use the Bible itself to explain other teachings. In the midst of these confusions, people tend to be swayed in their beliefs just as the Colossians experienced. Therefore, the words of Paul to the Colossians more than two thousand years ago still speak to modern Christians. It is a challenge for true believers in Jesus to maintain a life that is focused on Him alone and must not be swayed by other teachings. Science, money and power may say that they are what can bring people good life but just like the Greek philosophies; they cannot actually bring people to heaven where Christ is seated. Gods and goddesses of religions may be presented as powerful as God but they can never compare to the God who became like one of His creations, to die on the cross in order to save sinners. Therefore, a true Christian must fix his eyes on Jesus alone so that he would be able to see Him on His second

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 18

Economics - Essay Example With the demand curve shifting to the right, a new equilibrium is established. Since the supply curve is not affected in this situation, assuming all things are constant, and as there is no influences to cause it to shift to any direction, the new equilibrium price and quantity is established. The new equilibrium price and quantity is now higher than the equilibrium quantity and price before the increase in income happens. SUVs are a somehow an alternative to the midsize automobiles, therefore SUVs are related goods to midsize automobiles. This influence in the prices of related goods, which is traced back from the fewer demands, has an effect on the supply curve of midsize automobiles, therefore has an effect on equilibrium price and quantity. When the demand for SUVs decreases, that is consumers demand fewer units of it, the price of it falls. There is a significant shift in the demand curve of SUVs to the left, where the equilibrium settles at the lower price and lower quantity supplied. This fall in the price of the SUV has a significant effect on the midsize automobile market. Because midsize automobile are alternatives to SUVs, when the price of SUV falls due to lower demand, firms will shift their investment to the more profitable ones, that is, if firms are supplying SUVs and midsize automobiles, midsize automobiles will get the shift in investment. Because of this shift in investment, the midsize automobile will experience a shift in the supply curve to the right. A shift in the supply curve to the right brings the equilibrium point to a lower equilibrium price, but higher in quantity. This decrease in the price of steel means that for every automobile that a firm manufactures, the production cost for that automobile is lower. Because of the lower cost due to the price of steel, a firm’s production budget will enable it to produce more automobiles. Therefore, a decrease in the price of

Human resource management Essay Example for Free

Human resource management Essay I would like to use the Value Chain Analysis to study the importance of the Human Resources function in the study of a firms value chain. However, the latest trend has been the outsourcing of HR ? especially the transactional roles in HR as they are seen as non-value adding and a non-differentiato Premium362 Words2 Pages Value Chain Analysis Introduction Value Chain Analysis describes the activities that take place in a business and relates them to an analysis of the competitive strength of the business. Influential work by Michael Porter suggested that the activities of a business could be grouped under two headings: (1) Primary Premium454 Words2 Pages Sector Matrix vs. Value Chain and Commodity Chain Using an extended example critically discuss the view that a ‘sector matrix’ gives a better strategic understanding of product markets than the concepts of ‘product’ or ‘commodity’ chains. Abstract This paper will investigate the relevance of three tools for analysing and prescribi Premium2701 Words11 Pages Value Chain Boeing Corporation Analysis Paper Table of Contents Paper Objective Commercial Aircraft Industry Summary Industry Profile Typical Industry Competitive Strategy Porter Competitive Model Analysis Globalization of the Industry Importance of Information Technology to the Industry Boeing Value Chain Analysis ? Human Resource Management I would like to use the Value Chain Analysis to study the importance of the Human Resources function in the study of a firms value chain. However, the latest trend has been the outsourcing of HR ? especially the transactional roles in HR as they are seen as non-value adding and a non-differentiato Premium362 Words2 Pages Value Chain Analysis Introduction Value Chain Analysis describes the activities that take place in a business and relates them to an analysis of the competitive strength of the business. Influential work by Michael Porter suggested that the activities of a business could be grouped under two headings: (1) Primary Premium454 Words2 Pages Sector Matrix vs. Value Chain and Commodity Chain Using an extended example critically discuss the view that a ‘sector matrix’ gives a better strategic understanding of product markets than the concepts of ‘product’ or ‘commodity’ chains. Abstract This paper will investigate the relevance of three tools for analysing and prescribi Premium2701 Words11 Pages Value Chain Boeing Corporation Analysis Paper Table of Contents Paper Objective Commercial Aircraft Industry Summary Industry Profile Typical Industry Competitive Strategy Porter Competitive Model Analysis Globalization of the Industry Importance of Information Technology to the Industry BoeingValue Chain Analysis ? Human Resource Management I would like to use the Value Chain Analysis to study the importance of the Human Resources function in the study of a firms value chain. However, the latest trend has been the outsourcing of HR ? especially the transactional roles in HR as they are seen as non-value adding and a non-differentiato Premium362 Words2 Pages Value Chain Analysis Introduction Value Chain Analysis describes the activities that take place in a business and relates them to an analysis of the competitive strength of the business. Influential work by Michael Porter suggested that the activities of a business could be grouped under two headings: (1) Primary Premium454 Words2 Pages Sector Matrix vs. Value Chain and Commodity Chain Using an extended example critically discuss the view that a ‘sector matrix’ gives a better strategic understanding of product markets than the concepts of ‘product’ or ‘commodity’ chains. Abstract This paper will investigate the relevance of three tools for analysing and prescribi Premium2701 Words11 Pages Value Chain Boeing Corporation Analysis Paper Table of Contents Paper Objective Commercial Aircraft Industry Summary Industry Profile Typical Industry Competitive Strategy Porter Competitive Model Analysis Globalization of the Industry Importance of Information Technology to the Industry BoeingValue Chain Analysis ? Human Resource Management I would like to use the Value Chain Analysis to study the importance of the Human Resources function in the study of a firms value chain. However, the latest trend has been the outsourcing of HR ? especially the transactional roles in HR as they are seen as non-value adding and a non-differentiato Premium362 Words2 Pages Value Chain Analysis Introduction Value Chain Analysis describes the activities that take place in a business and relates them to an analysis of the competitive strength of the business. Influential work by Michael Porter suggested that the activities of a business could be grouped under two headings: (1) Primary Premium454 Words2 Pages Sector Matrix vs. Value Chain and Commodity Chain Using an extended example critically discuss the view that a ‘sector matrix’ gives a better strategic understanding of product markets than the concepts of ‘product’ or ‘commodity’ chains. Abstract This paper will investigate the relevance of three tools for analysing and prescribi Premium2701 Words11 Pages Value Chain Boeing Corporation Analysis Paper Table of Contents Paper Objective Commercial Aircraft Industry Summary Industry Profile Typical Industry Competitive Strategy Porter Competitive Model Analysis Globalization of the Industry Importance of Information Technology to the Industry BoeingValue Chain Analysis ? Human Resource Management I would like to use the Value Chain Analysis to study the importance of the Human Resources function in the study of a firms value chain. However, the latest trend has been the outsourcing of HR ? especially the transactional roles in HR as they are seen as non-value adding and a non-differentiato Premium362 Words2 Pages Value Chain Analysis Introduction Value Chain Analysis describes the activities that take place in a business and relates them to an analysis of the competitive strength of the business. Influential work by Michael Porter suggested that the activities of a business could be grouped under two headings: (1) Primary Premium454 Words2 Pages Sector Matrix vs. Value Chain and Commodity Chain Using an extended example critically discuss the view that a ‘sector matrix’ gives a better strategic understanding of product markets than the concepts of ‘product’ or ‘commodity’ chains. Abstract This paper will investigate the relevance of three tools for analysing and prescribi Premium2701 Words11 Pages Value Chain Boeing Corporation Analysis Paper Table of Contents Paper Objective Commercial Aircraft Industry Summary Industry Profile Typical Industry Competitive Strategy Porter Competitive Model Analysis Globalization of the Industry Importance of Information Technology to the Industry BoeingValue Chain Analysis ? Human Resource Management I would like to use the Value Chain Analysis to study the importance of the Human Resources function in the study of a firms value chain. However, the latest trend has been the outsourcing of HR ? especially the transactional roles in HR as they are seen as non-value adding and a non-differentiato Premium362 Words2 Pages Value Chain Analysis Introduction Value Chain Analysis describes the activities that take place in a business and relates them to an analysis of the competitive strength of the business. Influential work by Michael Porter suggested that the activities of a business could be grouped under two headings: (1) Primary Premium454 Words2 Pages Sector Matrix vs. Value Chain and Commodity Chain Using an extended example critically discuss the view that a ‘sector matrix’ gives a better strategic understanding of product markets than the concepts of ‘product’ or ‘commodity’ chains. Abstract This paper will investigate the relevance of three tools for analysing and prescribi Premium2701 Words11 Pages Value Chain Boeing Corporation Analysis Paper Table of Contents Paper Objective Commercial Aircraft Industry Summary Industry Profile Typical Industry Competitive Strategy Porter Competitive Model Analysis Globalization of the Industry Importance of Information Technology to the Industry BoeingValue Chain Analysis ? Human Resource Management I would like to use the Value Chain Analysis to study the importance of the Human Resources function in the study of a firms value chain. However, the latest trend has been the outsourcing of HR ? especially the transactional roles in HR as they are seen as non-value adding and a non-differentiato Premium362 Words2 Pages Value Chain Analysis Introduction Value Chain Analysis describes the activities that take place in a business and relates them to an analysis of the competitive strength of the business. Influential work by Michael Porter suggested that the activities of a business could be grouped under two headings: (1) Primary Premium454 Words2 Pages Sector Matrix vs. Value Chain and Commodity Chain Using an extended example critically discuss the view that a ‘sector matrix’ gives a better strategic understanding of product markets than the concepts of ‘product’ or ‘commodity’ chains. Abstract This paper will investigate the relevance of three tools for analysing and prescribi Premium2701 Words11 Pages Value Chain Boeing Corporation Analysis Paper Table of Contents Paper Objective Commercial Aircraft Industry Summary Industry Profile Typical Industry Competitive Strategy Porter Competitive Model Analysis Globalization of the Industry Importance of Information Technology to the Industry BoeingValue Chain Analysis ? Human Resource Management I would like to use the Value Chain Analysis to study the importance of the Human Resources function in the study of a firms value chain. However, the latest trend has been the outsourcing of HR ? especially the transactional roles in HR as they are seen as non-value adding and a non-differentiato Premium362 Words2 Pages Value Chain Analysis Introduction Value Chain Analysis describes the activities that take place in a business and relates them to an analysis of the competitive strength of the business. Influential work by Michael Porter suggested that the activities of a business could be grouped under two headings: (1) Primary Premium454 Words2 Pages Sector Matrix vs. Value Chain and Commodity Chain Using an extended example critically discuss the view that a ‘sector matrix’ gives a better strategic understanding of product markets than the concepts of ‘product’ or ‘commodity’ chains. Abstract This paper will investigate the relevance of three tools for analysing and prescribi Premium2701 Words11 Pages Value Chain Boeing Corporation Analysis Paper Table of Contents Paper Objective Commercial Aircraft Industry Summary Industry Profile Typical Industry Competitive Strategy Porter Competitive Model Analysis Globalization of the Industry Importance of Information Technology to the Industry BoeingValue Chain Analysis ? Human Resource Management I would like to use the Value Chain Analysis to study the importance of the Human Resources function in the study of a firms value chain. However, the latest trend has been the outsourcing of HR ? especially the transactional roles in HR as they are seen as non-value adding and a non-differentiato Premium362 Words2 Pages Value Chain Analysis Introduction Value Chain Analysis describes the activities that take place in a business and relates them to an analysis of the competitive strength of the business. Influential work by Michael Porter suggested that the activities of a business could be grouped under two headings: (1) Primary Premium454 Words2 Pages Sector Matrix vs. Value Chain and Commodity Chain Using an extended example critically discuss the view that a ‘sector matrix’ gives a better strategic understanding of product markets than the concepts of ‘product’ or ‘commodity’ chains. Abstract This paper will investigate the relevance of three tools for analysing and prescribi Premium2701 Words11 Pages Value Chain Boeing Corporation Analysis Paper Table of Contents Paper Objective Commercial Aircraft Industry Summary Industry Profile Typical Industry Competitive Strategy Porter Competitive Model Analysis Globalization of the Industry Importance of Information Technology to the Industry Boeing

The Impact Of American Revolution In USA History Essay

The Impact Of American Revolution In USA History Essay The Impact the American Revolution had on the shaping of the United States concepts of freedom, justice and liberty for all. The American Revolution War stilffed the new republic desire for justice, equality and freedom. The peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. There were various preliminary acts that dealt with the beginning of the American Revolutionary War. Some of the many causes of the American Revolutionary War between the years of 1775 1783 came as results of people growing angry about taxes and many laws in which the people thought were unfair for them. Like most Americans, they chose several ways of fighting back to gain their independence. Some individuals protested by joining groups that were already formed while others used written methods to achieve the same outcome. Either approach chosen inspired those in leadership positions to create their own country. There were more than two million people living in the 13 British colonies during the mid-1700s. Some were naturally born individuals in the New World others moved and a place to call home. Many of the immigrants left England to come to America. They traveled from England, Holland, Scotland, Germany and Ireland. Some of the countries had fought in war and had on going problems which existed for many years found them working to build neighborhoods and families together. For some it meant learning new skills and occupations. Great Britain ruled many of the colonies therefore; the people considered themselves British citizens. They were protected by the British army and became loyal to the Britains king. However, they were bound by the customs and the laws of England. Great Britain and France went to war in the 1750s, at the end of the war it would be determined which country would be in control. The war was called the Indian and French War because some many Indians were fighting for France. The war was won by Britain and it controlled the land from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River and from Georgia to Maine, making it a safer place for those who settled in Britain. This new territory left many settlers angry because the new king wanted to restrict their movement to the west. The cost of the French and Indian War was very costly for Britain, therefore, the government passed a special tax to help with the cost but the tax was only for the American colonists. This became known as the Stamp Act. This act required Americans to buy a special stamp to put on any and all printed paper, such as marriage licenses, newspapers and the like. The colonists became angry with this ruling and felt that if people in England were not required to pay a tax neither should they. The colonists decided they were not going to pay the tax. One of the tactics used to support their decision was to scare off the stamp sellers. Once the act received support no one was available to collect the funds. The people in the colonies had no representatives in Parliament. This meant they never got to vote on any Britains law. They decided they did not want to pay taxes unless they had a say. The colonists took a stand on their belief on the Stamp Act so the Parliament repealed the act. A new set of taxes were passed. Theses taxes were called the Townsend Acts. Theses laws taxed paper, paint, glass, tea and lead. As a result of this act, continued anger for the people in America escalated. The colonists decided to boycott the British goods. The boycott was successful and the government repeals the taxes. Great Britain became angry with the boycott and sent 4,000 soldiers to Boston. The colonists were out numbered three to one. Innocent people were killed. When the repeal on the Townshend Acts was made, the Parliament decided to keep the tax on tea. The Parliament passed what was called the Tea Act. Only certain shop owners were allowed to import and sell tea. This was to prevent Britain from having so much control over their economy. Samuel Adams, a member of the Sons of Liberty encouraged many protests. The Boston Tea Party was formed when a group of men went on ships and poured 342 chests of tea in the harbor. Following the Boston Tea Party, King George III and his form of government pass several harsh laws that affected the colonists. They called this the Intolerable Acts. These measures closed the Boston Harbor resulting in no fishing of use of the ocean for the purpose trading. Many citizens were then forced out of work, and gave the British soldiers the chance to take over the property of the colonists. More and more people grew angrier and built a stronger desire to fight for the chance to be free from all the rules and laws. By 1774 people in the colonies developed courage and wanted to increase their efforts to the next level. This allowed colonies from many areas to communicate and share their ideas and thoughts about problems they were experiencing with Great Britain. This group was referred to as the First Continental Congress. This meeting was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania which was halfway between the southern colonies and New England. Their combined efforts created a message to King George stating their colonists complaints in which it was stated the king refused to read. This document was referred to as the Declaration of Rights and Grievances. The delegates attending this session instructed the leaders of the colonies to begin forming militias for the battle that they were preparing to enter. Small armies were organized which angered the British soldiers. On April 19, 1775 the British soldiers marched to Lexington, Massachusetts. The colonial militia group waited for the British. It is not known who fired the first shot, thus the battles began. Being outnumbered, the colonists had to regroup. They wanted to break away from England, but fighting to form a new country was even more challenging. From these actions, a Second Continental Congress was held. It was decided to combine the small armies into a large Continental Army. The colonies had many concerns, Could they defeat the powerful Great Britain? Could they really choose their own leaders? Could they win, and what would they do without a king to tell them how to live? Thomas Paine the author of Common Sense pamphlet gave some advice that help the colonists realize the best thing for them to do was to break bonds with England. So in July 1776, the Continental Congress sent the Declaration of Independence to King George. What this meant was they were no longer colonists, nor British citizens, but Americans. a) There were various preliminary acts that dealt with beginning of the American Revolutionary War. The main cause of the American Revolution was the Royal Proclamation of 1763. After the French and Indian war was over many opportunities arose for the colonist such as moving to the western frontier. With the proclamation in effect,   all the territory west and northwest of the river were not accessible to them not including the all the territory from Ohio to Mississippi rivers. It also established four new colonies Quebec, East Florida, West Florida, and Grenada, but it was mostly directed towards Indian territories. The King and the Indians agreed that they were not in favor of the settlers issues. Parliament was aware of the Indians association with the colonist, and they recognized that they would not have any values towards boundaries. The border extended from the Atlantic all the way to the new border. The British claimed that these posts were for colonial defense and the colo nies should pay for it themselves. Another reason for the American Revolution is the war between the Great Britain and France know as the French and Indian war. Great Britain used most of the money on the war which caused them to go into debt, to earn their money back they forced taxes on their colonies. The Sugar Act was approved by the English Parliament in 1764, to cover the debt brought on by the war. The money was used to pay for the operating cost of running colonies and territories. It also, increased the taxes on other imported items such as sugar textiles, coffee, and wines. After the colonist expressed their concerns towards the Stamp Act, it was finally repealed. This lead to other taxes such as the Quartering Act of 1765, Stamp Act 1765, Townsend Act 1767, and Boston Tea Party 1773, and the Intolerable Act 1774.   In 1765 the Quartering Act was approved and this tax obligated the colonist to inhabit their homes for the British soldiers. Having to occupy their homes to an unfamiliar person made the colonists enraged. The following close contact with British soldiers did not produce good feelings between the sides from Britain. The government was now controlled by Charles Townsend. His main focus was support the British Parliament. Since he was the Parliaments leader he made a great impact to influence them to pass the laws for the new taxes. The requirement for the Stamp Act of 1765 was to obtain stamps so they could purchase a great deal of items. The most well known item that the stamps were required for was tea. The Stamp Act taxes varied from different things. The money was used to was assist in paying to guard the colonies. All the disputes the colonies had against the Stamp Act later calmed down when the Tea Act was approved. This act contracted domination on importing and exporting tea in America. December 16th was the day that numerous people in the Boston and surrounding areas decided to hear Samuel Adams speak. After he criticized the Governor for denying the ships consent to leave with tea on board, they headed out to the harbor. Three Ships were boarded and docked, and then about 90,000 pounds of tea were thrown overboard. Parliament issued out an agreement on a chain of acts called the Intolerable Acts. As the Intolerable acts were agreed upon the docks were closed, until the tea establishment was reimbursed for all the tea that was lost. Taxation without representation in parliament was another concern that started the war. The entire colonist felt that the Britain could not control colonies from the Atlantic Ocean. The majority of the people did not want to pay taxes on their cargo that was being imported and exported daily. b) The Declaration of Independence is a vital document in history. It is one of the most widely read documents of modern history. The ideas that were formed were based on successful and unsuccessful independence movements and revolutions even after the war ended. This decree made a distinct statement in reference to the peoples rights who lived in independent states. This document declared the people to be independent and free. The foundation of the Declaration of Independence, self-determination of rule, is expressed in the documents phrase, governments are instituted among men deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. The authors of the document felt it was necessary to secure ones God given or natural rights. The day of July 2, 1776, the affiliates of the Second Continental Congress voted for the colonist freedom. It proclaimed that the thirteen American colonies that were currently at war were no longer up under Britains rules. A second vote was held by the del egates and the Declaration of Independence was approved. As this document was signed on July 4, 1776, this day came to be known as the birth of America. A vast change was made in the government because of this decree and the democratic government came to be. Thomas Jefferson declared, that governments were created to serve the people, and could only act with consent of the people. The declaration consists of numerous parts, but only two parts are essential that is the preamble and the independence of America. The preamble depicts the rights of the people and it states, that all men are created equal and have the God-given right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The second essential parts of the decree proclaim independence for the American colonist and list all the issues that the colonist had against the British. c) African Americans whether free or slaves participated in several conflicts between the English colonies and their rivals in North America. They had favorable attitudes and served with honor, bravery and distinction in the Indian and French War, the American Revolution War along with the War of 1812 just to mention a few with limited circumstances. There were some laws that excluded African-American along with Indians from military service. There were some early colonial laws and some national laws that were in place that forbid the services of African-Americans during times of conflict and war. However, at times it didnt matter what their status were, their physical strength were utilized. The American Revolutions was more than war it was a fight for liberty and freedom from slavery. Benjamin Quarles understood the role of the minorities in the American Revolution, he presented as realizing that loyalty was not to a place or a people, but to a principle. In spite of where the loyalties of minorities lay, their contribution to the United States was often overlooked. During the American Revolutionary War, minorities fought for both entities in the war while working together to fight against inequality. During the Civil War the Emancipation Proclamation was established by President Abraham Lincoln, this decree contains two executive orders. On September 22, 1862 the first order was released and it basically stated if the Civil War did not end then the all slaves would be making its way into the Western territories. If the succeeded states dont come back before January 1st then the slaves would be free. On January 1, 1863 the second order was released and specified the states where slaves were declared free.  They had to fight for their freedom. He informed them if they came back to the union the slaves would have their freedom. The Emancipation Proclamation was the African-American Declaration of Independence. It did for a few what the Declaration of Independence did for a nation. It instilled a sense of hope and taste for freedom and equality. The idea of a people securing their natural, or God-given, rights by choosing their own form of government is an idea that was never expressed before the writing of the Declaration of Independence.

Conceptualizing Naval Helicopter Landing Gear Engineering Essay

Conceptualizing Naval Helicopter Landing Gear Engineering Essay The landing gear is an important part of an aircraft as far as the take-offs and landings are concerned. The landing gear mechanisms (or structures) are pretty simple in case of the commercial helicopter as compared to the commercial airplanes. But, that is not the case for the naval helicopters. Because of the not-so-friendly landing conditions, the naval helicopter must have sophisticated landing gear mechanism connected with its fuselage. The design of the landing gear mechanism for the naval helicopter should be such that the helicopter can land safely in aircraft carrier as well as in ground; also, the mechanism should not fail under the sea wave excitation, while in ground condition. b. Research on landing gear During the initial days of the human flying history, the flyers used to have the Skids as landing gears. The skids are still very much in use for commercial helicopters. But, for the airplanes and for the naval helicopters wheels are used mostly for the landing gears. The wheels are connected with the shock absorbers to form the landing gears. The landing gear, then, get connected with the fuselage in various fashions based upon the size of the aircraft. All the wheel based landing gears can broadly be categorized in three main categories: Conventional Tri-cycle Tandem Fig.1: Showing three basic types of wheel based landing gears Two front wheels and a rear tail wheel are used to form the conventional landing gear. The older aircrafts still have this type of landing gear. Ground handling is bit difficult here. The tri-cycle configurations has two (or multiple of two) wheels at rear and minimum of one nose wheel (s) at front. It gives better ground handling comfort and used widely for small sized aircrafts. On the basis of the wheel arrangements, different types of tri-cycle arrangements are possible (as shown below) Fig.2: Showing different types of Tri-Cycle configurations (as per Federal Aviation Administration nomenclature) The multiples of landing gears are placed in line to form a complex tandem landing gear system. Different combinations of tandem are possible (as shown below): Fig.3: Showing different types of Tandem configurations (as per Federal Aviation Administration nomenclature) c. Conceptualizing Naval helicopter Landing Gear After studying different types of available landing gears configurations, I have decided to develop the landing gear concept of Single wheel main gear with dual wheel nose gear configuration. It s a kind of tri-cycle configuration. Fig.4: Showing the rough landing gear concept I have decided to use only torsion spring as shock absorbing elements for the concept. d. Preliminary Design Calculations In order further developing the concept, I have used the following data: Total mass of the helicopter = 5126 Kg Sprung mass on each spring, m = 2563 Kg Distance between the front and rear gear = 5 m Distance between the two rear gears= 2m Normal landing: Vertical descent speed of the helicopter = 0.5 m/sec Vertical deck speed = 0 So, the relative speed between the deck and the helicopter, v =0. 5 m/sec=500 mm/sec So, the kinetic energy of the helicopter, KE = 0.5*m*v^2 = 320375000 kg-mm^2/sec^2 The energy stored in the torsion spring, SE= 0.5*k*r^2 =0.5*k Where, k= spring rate in N-mm/degree r=deformation of the spring =1 degree (assumed) Now, as KE = SE .eqn.1 So, k= 640750000 N-mm/Degree I will use this spring rate for rest of the two landing conditions to find out the deformations of the torsion springs. Hard landing: Vertical descent speed of the helicopter = 3 m/sec Vertical deck speed = -3 m/sec So, the relative speed between the deck and the helicopter, v =6 m/sec=6000 mm/sec K= 640750000 N-mm/degree So, by using the eqn.1: r= 12 degree Crush landing: Vertical descent speed of the helicopter = 15 m/sec Vertical deck speed = 0m/sec So, the relative speed between the deck and the helicopter, v =15 m/sec=15000 mm/sec K= 640750000 N-mm/degree So, by using the eqn.1: r= 30 degree So, I will start my ADAMS design with the values obtained from this hand calculation and gradually fine tune the values in order to meet the landing criteria. e. Converting the Conceptual Design to ADAMS Mechanisms I have used the MSC ADAMS software for preparing two landing gear mechanism design options out of the conceptual design and the hand calculations. The two design options differ in terms of heights. Parametric design advantage of the ADAMS software is utilized for creating the two design options. While creating the two mechanism design options, the following ADAMS options are utilized: Point : Points are used for creating basic locations of all the important elements of the design (like centre of the wheels etc.) Torus : Wheels of the landing gears are created using the torus option. Link : All the structural members (like top frame, axels etc) are created using this option. Box : This tool is used for creating the landing deck of the air craft carrier. Torsion Spring : This is for creating the front and rear torsion springs. Hinge Joint : This option is for creating all the revolute joints of the mechanism. Translational Joint : This option is used for creating the translational joints. Contact : The contacts between the wheels and the deck are created using this option. e.1. ADAMS Mechanism Option-1 The mechanism option-1 looks like below: Fig.5: Showing the ADAMS Mechanism option-1 Arrangement The points table for the mechanism option-1 looks like below: Fig.6: Showing the point table for the mechanism option-1 e.2. ADAMS Mechanism Option-2 The mechanism option-2 looks like below: Fig.7: Showing the ADAMS Mechanism option-2 Arrangement The points table for the mechanism option-2 looks like below: Fig.8: Showing the point table for the mechanism option-2 e.3. Selecting the Optimum ADAMS Landing Gear Mechanism The selection of the best design out of the two options is done by observing the acceleration values. The acceleration plots for the hard landing conditions (descent velocity of the helicopter = 3 m/sec and upward deck speed = 3m/sec) for both the concepts are shown below: Fig.9: Showing the hard landing condition acceleration plots for both the concepts The above plot is showing that the maximum acceleration value for the design -2 is more than 50 m/sec2. The acceleration plots for the crush landing condition (descent velocity of the helicopter =15 m/sec and upward deck speed = 0 m/sec) for both the options are shown below: Fig.10: Showing the crush landing condition acceleration plots for both the concepts The above plot is showing that the maximum acceleration value for the design option-2 is much higher in case of the crush landing condition. So, on the basis of the above two tests, it can be concluded that the design option-1 is better among the two options. Hence, I have selected the design option-1 for further analysis. f. Testing the Selected ADAMS mechanism (design option-1) Against the Specified Landing Conditions Normal Landing Condition: The acceleration plot for normal landing condition (descent velocity of the helicopter = 0.5 m/sec and upward deck speed = 0m/sec) for the design option-1 is shown below: Fig.11: Showing the normal landing condition acceleration plots for the Design Option-1 The above plot is showing that the maximum acceleration value for normal landing condition for the design option-1 is 7.5 m/sec2. Hard Landing Condition: The acceleration plot for normal landing condition (descent velocity of the helicopter = 3 m/sec and upward deck speed = 3m/sec) for the design option-1 is shown below: Fig.12: Showing the hard landing condition acceleration plots for the Design Option-1 The above plot is showing that the maximum acceleration value for hard landing condition for the design option-1 is 48.1 m/sec2. Crush Landing Condition: The acceleration plot for normal landing condition (descent velocity of the helicopter = 15 m/sec and upward deck speed = 0m/sec) for the design option-1 is shown below: Fig.13: Showing the crush landing condition acceleration plots for the Design Option-1 The above plot is showing that the maximum acceleration value for hard landing condition for the design option-1 is 119.6 m/sec2. g. Running the Vibration Analysis for the Selected ADAMS Mechanism The vibration analysis is performed for the Design option-1 using the ADAMS vibration plug-in. For simulating the sea wave oscillations, two acceleration actuators are used at front and the rear axles. One output channel is created at the COG of the top frame. The output channel is used for measuring the acceleration at the COG of the frame. Fig.14: Showing the Frequency Response Analysis plot for the Design Option-1 The pick of the above frequency response plot indicates the resonating frequency for the design option-1. So, the resonating frequency here is 64.5 Hz. h. Consolidated Results for Design Option-1 Parameters Values Maximum Normal Landing Acceleration (m/sec2) 7.5 Maximum Normal Landing Acceleration (m/sec2) 48.1 Maximum Normal Landing Acceleration (m/sec2) 119.6 Resonating Frequency (Hz) 64.5 i. Discussion Task-1: This task is covered in the section-c and section-d. Task-2: This task is covered in Section-f. Task-3: This task is covered in section-g. Task-4: This task is covered in section-e. j. Conclusion The ADAMS is a powerful tool for creating and testing a mechanism under specified conditions. The parametric feature of ADAMS helps creating different design iterations easier. The design option-1 passed all the landing conditions specified for the assignment. Also, the resonating frequency observed for the design option-1 is 64.5 Hz. k. References http://www.faa.gov/airports/resources/publications/orders/media/Construction_5300_7.pdf http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/flight14.htm http://www.helis.com/howflies/skids.php http://www.aoe.vt.edu/~mason/Mason_f/M96SC.html

marine worms :: essays research papers

Flatworms belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes. They have the simplest body plan of all bilaterally symmetrical animals. They are called flatworms because their bodies are compressed. The mouth is the only opening into the digestive cavity the flatworms have. Food is taken in through this hole and wastes are discharged also through this hole. Flatworms have a well-defined nervous, muscular, excretory, and reproductive system. The flatworm distributes the food it digests through a digestive tube that branches throughout all of its body parts. The fact that the worm’s body is flat serves many purposes. It allows the worm to hid in small spaces, to fit into the opening of other animals if the worm is parasitic, and it means that all the cells are close enough to the surface for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment (Meinkoth 399).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are about thirty thousand species of worms in the phylum Platyhelminthes. Twenty five thousand of these worms are parasitic, which is the vast majority of the phylum. The flatworms only account for four thousand of the worms in the phylum, but they are said to be very beautiful compared to the parasitic worms (Snyderman and Wiseman 83). Flatworms display bilateral symmetry, which means that their bodies have a distinctive head and rear, and their right and left sides are mirror images of each other. The fact that these worms are bilaterally symmetric enables them to move from place to place more efficiently. This trait can help the worms catch their food and get away from their enemies. It can help them find a mate and move from location to location. If they were not made like this, they would have very little control over their bodily movements, and not be able to survive in the ocean (Snyderman and Wiseman 84).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some other characteristics that make worms of the phylum Platyhelminthes unique are the fact that they are light sensitive. They often try to avoid brightly lit areas. They are so sensitive because they possess’ bundles of light-sensitive eyes that are often described as primitive eyes (Snyderman and Wiseman 84). Another interesting characteristic of the flatworms is that they are hermaphroditic. This means that they posses both male and female reproductive organs. When one learns of this they may think that self-fertilization would be common, but it is not. Flatworms also posses amazing regenerative properties. When they lose a body part, a new one will form, and it some cases, the body part often regenerates an entirely new flatworm (Snyderman and Wiseman 84).

The Doctor Who Saved Boston Essay -- Short Stories History Baseball Pa

The Doctor Who Saved Boston The memories of the Red Sox run to the 2004 World Series championship this year will remain in the minds of Sox fans forever. Whether it is David Ortiz’s walk off performances against the Angels and Yankees, Manny Ramirez’s tape measure home runs, or Derek Lowe winning the clinching games of all three playoff series, Red Sox nation will not soon forget the memories that the â€Å"bunch of idiots,† as centerfielder Johnny Damon dubbed this year’s Sox club,provided them, nor will they forget the Sox all out assault on baseball and Boston sports history. But of all the images the fans retain, of all the feelings they experienced, of all the heroes Sox nation put on an altar and worshipped - the most memorable has to be Curt Schilling pitching three games on an inured ankle, blood from broken sutures seeping through his sock and a look of obvious discomfort on his face, winning two, and capturing the heart’s of every member of Red Sox nation. But to understand the elation of the Nation and the reason that it has turned Curt Schilling into a God in the church that Cy Young, Ted Williams, and Carl Yaztremski built, we have to take a step back and remember the predicament that the Red Sox were in just over two months ago. It was October 12, and the Yankees had beaten the Red Sox in Game one of the ALCS. It was only one game, but that familiar feeling was back. That familiar feeling that Red sox fans have of doom and gloom lingering just over the horizon returned. Curt Schilling, the hired gun, the man who Sox management had brought in to beat the Yankees in just this situation, had not only lost the game, but looked utterly ineffective in doing so, allowing six runs in just three innings of work a... ... 55,000 people from New York shut up.† But in the end he was so much more than just a hired gun, he was a hero in real red socks. And he made more than 55,000 people from Boston stand up and applaud as he became the newest Red Sox player to be canonized in the church of Red Sox nation, alongside Yaz, the Kid, Pudge and Cy. And not to be forgotten is the man behind the scenes, the quiet and unassuming surgeon who made it all possible, Dr. William Morgan, whose name will be forever linked to Curt Schilling, the Red Sox and the 2004 World Series. He may not have thrown a pitch or swung a bat, but William Morgan saved the 2004 Boston Red Sox from being another team that just missed. And he saved Red Sox fans from finally having to utter those awful words – â€Å"wait ‘til next year.† But because of Bill Morgan and the entire Red Sox medical staff, next year is this year.

Environmental Disasters Essay

For the purpose of this article an environmental disaster is defined as a specific event caused by human activity that results in a seriously negative effect on the environment. Sometimes a natural disaster can become an environmental disaster, but that is a topic to be discussed elsewhere. In most cases environmental disasters are caused by human error, accident, lack of foresight, corner cutting during industrial processes, greed, or by simple incompetence. In other words without some kind of human intervention they would never have happened. They are also often characterised by firm authoritative denials that anything serious has even happened. Lack of foresight is a common cause of an environmental disaster. In agriculture a classic example of is the increasing salinity of soils in hot climates. With the need to produce more food, a warm climate seems ideal for European-style agriculture, once the existing vegetation has been cleared. The one proviso is that there must be plenty of water. Irrigation projects and deep wells are usually the answer, but as has been found in Australia, if this is not properly managed, salination can result and the land becomes effectively useless. A further example of a catastrophic and misguided interference with nature resulted in the dust bowls that hit North America in the 1930s. The fertile soil seemed ideal for intensive agriculture, but a combination of deep ploughing and a lack of crop rotation weakened the soil structure. Following years of drought, high winds simply removed all the topsoil and millions of acres of once fertile farmland became a virtual desert. Another unforeseen agricultural disaster was Moa Zedong’s 1958 decree to eliminate sparrows. It was considered that because sparrows ate grain seeds they were robbing the people of the fruits of their labour. The campaign was very successful that it cleared the way for swarms of locusts to descend on the farms. Crops were decimated, leading to a famine that resulted in the deaths of 38 million people. Introducing alien species can be just as disastrous as eliminating native ones. This has been the case in Australia when in 1859 12 imported English wild rabbits were released so that a local settler could go hunting. In the course of time they multiplied and it is estimated that even after serious efforts to control them, the Australian rabbit populations is still between 200 and 300 million. As well as being responsible for the loss of vast acreages of agricultural crops and grazing land, rabbits are suspected of being the most significant known factor in species loss in Australia, killing young trees by eating the bark at the base of the trunk. They are also responsible for serious erosion as they eat native plants, leaving the topsoil exposed. It is very easy to upset the fragile balance of nature. In June 1918 a steamship ran aground on a Pacific Island and while it was stranded, Black Rats escaped and got ashore. Here they thrived, causing the extinction of several of the island’s endemic birds and other fauna. They also raided the crops of the islanders, particularly the seeds of the Kentia Palm, which was the islanders’ only export commodity. In an effort to control the rats, Masked Owls were introduced but this simply compounded the environmental disaster. By introducing yet another predator to the ecosystem, the result was that many of the remaining sea birds were simply wiped out as breeding species. Industrial pollution has been the cause of so many environmental disasters that it is impossible to list them all. One of the most serious was the Bhopal disaster of December 1984 when a leak of methyl isocyanate resulted in at least 22,000 deaths plus various genetic diseases that will continue for generations. The chief causes of this disaster were negligence, corruption and the complete disregard of safety standards. A number of environmental disasters have also been associated with the oil production industry with theDeepwater Horizon disaster of April 2010 being the most recent one that comes to mind. According to White House energy adviser Carol Browner the spill was the †worst environmental disaster the US has faced†. In this case following a sudden explosion on a drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico, the safety valve that was designed to prevent an oil spill spectacularly failed. It was months before the leakage was sealed, during which time millions of gallons of oil poured into the sea. The resulting pollution was not just from the oil, but from the chemicals used to disperse it. Whole ecosystemswere destroyed along with the livelihoods of countless people. Many endangered species are not expected torecover. In West Africa the Niger Delta covers 20,000 km2 within wetlands of 70,000 km2, formed primarily by sediment deposition. It is home to some 20 million people from 40 different ethnic groups. Its floodplain makes up 7. 5% of Nigeria’s total land mass and is the third-largest drainage basin in Africa. Its ecosystem contains one of the highest concentrations of biodiversity on the planet. In addition to supporting a vast range of flora and fauna, there is arable terrain that can sustain a wide variety of crops,tropical forests and more species of freshwater fish than any other ecosystem in West Africa. Unfortunately for the Niger Delta, oil was discovered in the region. Since drilling began in 1976 there has been a complete lack of concern by the Nigerian Government or the oil operators to exert any control of the environmental problems associated with the industry. The Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation admits that every year as a result of around 300 individual spills, nearly 2,300 cubic metres of petroleum are jettisoned into the environment. However, this does not take account of so-called †minor† spills and one estimate put the total spillage between 1960 and 1997 as upwards of 100 million barrels (16 million cubic metres). A major reason for these spills is simply the result of poor maintenance. Pipelines are old and corroded and although they have an estimated lifespan of about 15 years, many have been in use for about 25. Leaking pipes and the use of old and corroded tankers account for 50% of all spills. Understandably there has been a major impact on the ecosystem. Enormous tracts of mangrove forest have been destroyed along with most of the flora and fauna that were once found there. The dumping of waste is obviously a serious issue and international regulations put strict controls on this. Unfortunately there will always be unscrupulous people who will try to get around the regulations. A classic example occurred in 2006 when a Panama-registered ship offloaded 500 tonnes of toxic waste at the Ivory Coast port of Abidjan. The company concerned apparently wanted to avoid paying the 1,000 euros per cubic metre disposal charge it would have to pay in Holland. The waste, that was dumped at 12 sites in and around the city was later discovered to contain a mixture of fuel, caustic soda and hydrogen sulphide. This lethal cocktail gave off toxic gas and caused burns to lungs and skin, in addition to severe headaches and vomiting and is said to have caused 17 deaths and made dozens seriously ill. The company involved originally denied all responsibility, claiming that the waste was simply dirty water. It was only after some investigative journalism by the BBC that the full facts eventually came to light. Nuclear accidents can have serious environmental effects. Prior to 2011 the 1986 Chernobyl disaster would probably have been regarded as the ost serious after an enormous explosion sent radioactive ash into the atmosphere covering most of Northern Europe, along with Belarus, Ukraine and Russia. 350,000 people had to be resettled. Then in 2011 came the Fukushima 1 accident in Japan when an earthquake followed by a tsunami hit the nuclear plant. The earthquake knocked out the public electricity supply that powered the pumping of water to cool the reactors. Shortly after the earthquake a tsuna mi destroyed the emergency back-up generators that were due to start up when the public electricity supply failed. It was then realised that the designers had failed to take this possibility into account. As a result a catastrophic situation developed and 14,000 people had to be evacuated from the immediate area. After several weeks a number of brave workers, struggling in appalling conditions, managed to bring the situation under control, but as with so many environmental disasters, once again official information was misleading, sketchy, or simply non-existent. An environmental disaster is usually caused by some form human action, or some form of human negligence. A classic example is with climate change. Vast amounts of greenhouse gas are currently being released into the Earth’s atmosphere, potentially doing untold harm to our environment by speeding up global warming. At the same time people are completely ignoring the warning signs and shutting their minds to the consequences that lie ahead. We don’t know what these consequences will be, but they are not likely to be pleasant. The world seems to be on course for what is likely to be the worst environmental disaster of all time. There is still time to slow the process down, but it will require swift and worldwide action.

Leadership Observation

Apart from the KAIZEN approach being widely practiced in Japan, the one thing which, despite belonging to their culture, has given the Japanese manufactures a competitive edge is their methodology of   inviting open discussion from each n’ every employees of the company on regular basis. Toyota has proved itself to be the world’s best not only in terms of automobiles manufacturing an d assembling but compared to all manufacturing concerns any where in the world. Achieving the status of the market leader wasn’t an easy task! Toyota (Japan) however made it possible. It was only through the participative approach employed by them as a basic requirement of their very corporate culture. Toyota motor corporation (TMC) has been the world’s third largest automaker (2001) offering full range of models from mini-vehicles to large trucks. Global sales of its Toyota & Lexus brands, combined with those of Daihatsu and Hino, totaling 6.17 million units in the calendar year 2002 (Goldoftas & Levine, 1999). On September 11, 2003 it was reported that Toyota gained a learned leading position on the ‘Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI)’ in the 4 automobile sectors. The growth that Toyota has been enjoying is not a one night growth but is part of a longer chain that stems out of their very cultural norms and values. Katsuaki Watanabe, the president of Toyota has much to be accredited with in regard of the Toyota’s recent overwhelming and world renowned growth factor. Toyota’s success is not only because eof any tools or equipment they use; but the encouragement by the there top management people such as Watanabe, who allow the employees to experiment and thus achieve a higher result regarding what they do in the company’s production process. Be it as simple as installing a seat to as complex as designing and offering a new model to the production department. The Toyota Corporation has trusted its employees in delivering their best and they do it very-well. The time is a huge constraint in any organization especially regarding critical and/or strategic decisions regarding the future plans; competitors’ move etc. at Toyota, Watanabe like other of his predecessors has continued the practice even in the time of so much rapid advancements in the technology. The Toyota employees had the solution to the time management too. Each employee knew very well about what he/she was responsible to do and how they did it. At the end of each day when they were gathered they were asked to go through what they did and how they think they can improve it. This reduces the time taken by mangers to keep wandering about which topic they would be covering and the can get the accurate information about each n’ every scenario of what has been going on. In participative leadership, open and easy way communication is critical. Watanabe ensured that and at the production facilities every one assembles in the huge hall assigned for the assembly. This is a step to have a clear communication session between the top management and the other member of the organization. The culture of sharing ideas and the social networking with friends and colleges is part of their practices and they are used to it. Watanabe has been successful in delegating both pleasant and unpleasant task to the employees after giving them enough authority and responsibility regarding their tasks. He as the president, devised the plan of clarifying goal sto each and every employee and to provide support to them so that they can work at their best and update company with confidence on any improvements that they think are necessary, hence resulting in a cumulative positive effect on the overall performance of the company creating a synergy of individual efforts to achieve corporate objectives via allowing effective participation of employees so that they feel that they have a â€Å"say† in the organization’s decision making. The participation of employees, at Toyota, along with Katsuaki Watanabe has yielded significant benefits. References Adler Paul S., Goldoftas Barbara & Levine David I. (1999) Flexibility Versus Efï ¬ ciency? A Case Study of Model Changeovers in the Toyota Production System: Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley.