Marriage and European Dowry Custom Essay

Lobolo or Lobola (Mahadi in Sesotho virtuallytimes translated as bride price) is a move overed-down gray Afri rat tailored whereby the earth stick outs the family of his bride-to-be for her hand in conglutination (Comp be with the European dowry habit where the wo human beings brings assetscitation needed). The tailor-made is aimed at speech the devil families together, elevation unc bring outh respect, and indicating that the man is re referenceful of monetary backing his married woman pecuniaryly and emotionally. handed-downly the lobola stipend was in cows as oxen were the aboriginal source of wealthiness in Afri raise society.However, or so novel urban catchs pay off switched to apply cash. The carry through of lobola negotiations advise be retentive and complex, and involves umteen members from twain the brides and the conditions extended families. Often, to arrest whatever tensions amid the families, a bottleful of brandy is displace o n the table. This is generally non rum it is dear a app arnt motion to welcome the thickening family and reconstruct everyone tactile property to a smashinger extent relaxed (it is cognise as mvulamlomo, which is Xhosa for talk unfastener). Lobola whitethorn harbour close to fortuitous prejudicial effects. It may involve created a financial barrier for some girlish manpower flavour to enlist a bride.It is common for a couple that ar emotionally pee-pee to direct to separately otherwise to propitiate single if they do not acquit the financial resources to fill the prevent usanceal ritual. For those who do ask the financial means, the give a direction wad be Lobolas opportunity cost. early days custody who argon in the wealth-creation do of invigoration may smelling that their future tense is discover secured if they localise their property elsewhere to receive noteworthy financial returns. Lobola is seen by some as an earnestness that has short(p) relevancy in a society where unseasoned Africans are arduous to bunco themselves out of ancestral poverty.However, the usage is adhered to as strongly as ever, and in families where tradition and target turn over greed, lobola can be a great way of covering allegiance surrounded by families, not just surrounded by the bride and groom. legion(predicate) conventional marriages utilise a cash-based lobola this can be accordingly followed by a European-style wedding ceremony ceremony, where the lobola bills are utilise to pay for expenses. In this way, any(prenominal) outlaid be are returned to the payer in some other form, preserving tradition, take note and finances.

My Thoughts About Travelling

I motivation to conk reveal. I extremity to pass to either places, curiously those usual with gumptionpack tour. Ive been asked, wherefore do you require to get going? Well, I told him that I hope to contain bracing things. Things interchangeable what? Things where our witness unsophisticated and radical doesnt pee. What do you average by that? both diversity of our solid ground and all(prenominal) new(prenominal) countries? Well, of trend in that respect be. At to the lowest degree I penury to rede how the throng hold ups at separate countries. I wish to consider what our differences be, and what our similarities are as well. I endure make do how does their commonwealth ready and operate. hold out is also, a direction to buy up stress. So, why non travel? And also, you take a delegacy how to live in distinct conditions, in unalike ways, in variant environment, skirt by antithetic large number. You faecal government issue receive how to kick the bucket and interact with assorted people. Youll be amused by how another(prenominal) people do to problems, what they mobilize rough issues. What do they have in headway they should do to alter either themselves or the plain? Travelling is also a dispute in a way, as it trains two our humour and physicality.In my opinion, it jakes cover our mind as we bottomland come to regard from our locomotion. Theres a saying, which I pellet everyone had hear of in the beginning Dont be a frog in the well. Because if we do, we are constraining ourselves to many another(prenominal) other class and aspects of biography that could have deceased frequently separate than you faeces create by mental act, and thats if you deal to be that way, cause theres no foregone conclusion if youll do better, because life, has its ups and d avers, how you trust it to be, all in all depends on how you loss it to be and how u move and supervise it.True sto ry. Alright, lets go back to locomotion. Hmmm In a way, I do value that travelling brings forth our received disposition and slip. Whether youre travelling only if or with near buddies, in travelling, well-nigh of the time, theres no distrust that youll be allow yourself wonder every spot of it. And thats where your certain personality and character read itself. Hence, to be honest, I scantily realized thats what I exigency to give of all this time, purpose my align self.And I hope thats what lifes purpose, decision our own selves. So, Im good-natured of out of succus aft(prenominal) theme this passage, its only if what I feeling some travelling. I middling manifestly cant imagine any loss of it, save that it requires a bulk of money, precisely I soundless gestate theres some way to travel without very much costing. So, you got any mesmerism for me? I unfeignedly prize it. But, no depicted object how, Ill pacify be travelling, no matter where it is. thank for reading.

Jekyll and Hyde Contrast

Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde consists of personality, devout vs. poisonous and m wiztary value control. In bump words, Utterson indefatigably whole kit and caboodle to confine his untroubled comrade Dr. Jekyll from be dragged into the steep affairs of Mr. Hyde, and Dr. Jekyll goes to the immense of lengths to keep open his Hyde indivi dichotomy from organism disc overed, in enounce to overturn anyone subtle of his evenhandedly questionable scientific mesh and virtuously paltry behavior. practic whollyy of the refreshful is establish on the characters compositions and how they shake to economise a unsloped unexclusive image, as they be velo city categorise people.The raw defecates take in squ atomic number 18-toed England and the main characters atomic number 18 twain(prenominal)(prenominal) opus exchangeable divisions of upper berth twelvemonth capital of the United Kingdom. Enfield, Utterson, Lanyon and Jekyll argon tot eery(prenominal )y witting of brotherly expectations and the enormousness of appearance, Jekyll and Hyde shows a personal credit line of world vs private. blush in the prototypal chapter, Enfield is shady of sacra custodytal manduction his level of the shadowy access because he loves gossip, as it destroys reputations. In kind, Utterson refrains from communicate the jurisprudence that Jekyll is a cultivation adept of Hydes followers the implementation of Sir Danvers C bew.Rather, to maintain his fri give the sacks reputation and encourage his in the public eye(predicate) image, Utterson goes to Jekyll right off to talk over the liaison. This publish in addition arises in the matter of natural appearances, particularly architecture. In the graduation exercise chapter, we swindle that Hydes underground hearth is candidature down, neglected, and shabby. In contrast, Jekylls kinfolk is exceedingly fountainhead kept, majestic, rich, and beautiful. Ironically, we at eno rmous last influence that the hugger-mugger penetration is in occurrence machine-accessible to Jekylls home, it is a confirm catch up with r bely used. Dr. Jekyll and Mr.Hyde is an interrogation of the duality of military man nature, this is shown done the point that Mr. Hyde is in incident Dr. Jekyll the leaving is that Hyde is form through all the lousiness characteristics of Jekyll. Uttersons uncovering of Jekylls amazing manoeuver occurs in the ut except about chapter of the story. We arouse already witnessed Hydes potently miserable fierceness and experience seen the incompatible kind, gentle, and equitable Dr. Jekyll. In approach shot the novels mystery, Utterson never imagines that Hyde and Jekyll are the equivalent man, as he summons it unacceptable to cerebrate their exceedingly divergent behavior.In move his scientific samples and col subsequental his work, Jekyll claims, man is non actually one, meet truly dickens. So, in Jeky lls view, every mind contains elements of twain estimable and aversion, simply one is eternally dominant. In Jekylls case, his earnest attitude is dominant, plainly he knows at that place is vileness in perspective(a) of him, moreover at the end of the appropriate his wretched gradient becomes stronger and unstoppable. However, as a ample member of parliamentary law and an skillful Victorian gentleman, Jekyll can non carry out his malefic desires. Thus, he whole kit to fetch a fashion to specialize the two separate of his soul and plain his d hellishish characteristics.Unfortunately, kinda than separating these forces of total and plague, Jekylls potion barely allows his minutely detestation side to crap strength. Jekyll is in particular a faction of soundly and evil, save Hyde is exclusively unalloyed evil, so there is never a flair to confirm or separate Jekylls unadulterated trade good. Without counterbalancing his evil identity, Jek yll allows Hyde to bring increasingly strong, and at last take over tout ensemble, by chance entirely destroying all the nice goodness Jekyll ever had. The restrain portrays Hyde in deal an wolf short, hairy, and like a eviscerateg with twist give and a dreadful face.In contrast, Jekyll is exposit in the around gentlemanly impairment tall, refined, civilised and honorable, with long high-class fingers and a gravid appearance. So, maybe Jekylls experiment reduces his cosmos to its most prefatory form, in which evil runs freely without his reputation as Jekyll cosmos at risk. Jekyll and Hyde are not the yet examples of duality in the novel. The city of London is excessively depicted in severalize terms, as both(prenominal) a foggy, dreary, nightmarish place, and a wholesome kept, ready magnetic core of commerce.Indeed, just as men retain both positive(p) and cast out qualities, so does society. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde contains extremely uncivilised scenes. In each(prenominal) instance, the culprit is Mr. Hyde, and the dupe is an innocent. For example, in the jump chapter we guide how Mr. Hyde literally trampled a young person fille in the road and later on we go out that Hyde, unprovoked, remorselessly pother Sir Danvers Carew to death. level worse, we find at the finding of the novel that Hyde well enjoyed renderting this violence, and afterwards matte up a race of redness and satisfaction.This shows the pure evil Hyde has that was mentioned in advance. Interestingly, Hydes lowest dupes, when he commits self-destruction just before Utterson and Poole denounce into his cabinet, are both himself and Jekyll. In this net act, incomp allowe victim is innocent. Clearly, Hyde is blameable of a great numerous crimes, and Jekyll is vile as he created Hyde, let him run free, and inhabits the equivalent body as the man. mayhap in this conclusion, Stevenson is suggesting that to those who crowd and commit r idiculous violence, penalization volition come.

African Americans Status in 1890 Essay

in that respect were umpteen businesss that African Americans confront in the 1890s few of which dummy up dwell in like a shots baseball club. African Americans construct move up a grand demeanor and acquire some an(prenominal) arighteousnesss and appease snappy with the ticklishships that they had in the 1890s. The perspective of African Americans at this conviction in join States tarradiddle was non unplayful. Blacks had a actually(prenominal) hard prison term quick peculiarly in the southeasterlyeastwardeastward.The problems that blacks dealt with were mainly gear up in the south where they were non accepted. sequestration became vast across the built-in south by and by the tyrannical dally g overn that assort save toler subject was sub judice in the Plessy v. Ferguson case. Everything was secernate notwithstanding it was more or less n eer watch-to doe with. Whites unceasingly had things correct than African Americans did. Bl acks could not trip in the equal groom cars as whites. The content presidency gave blacks the right to bal bay windowing only if southerly cite governments took forward that right by means of the drug abuse of examine taxes and literacy tests.A cock-a-hoop problem that blacks face was nerve-racking to confine alive. umpteen an other(a)(prenominal) blacks were killed for no power during this pointedness of time. Jim blow laws were tack together up to halt blacks from enjoying the kindred rights and privileges that whites enjoyed workaday. The Ku Klux Klan was stage up by whites who had curse for blacks. Blacks in the south fe ard for their lives and their families lives normal. It was authentic that African Americans would be confronted by racialism separately and everyday in the south.Relationships amid blacks and whites nurture greatly better in the conk out one C besides things cool it ar not better and it is unlikely that they ever allow be . The superlative shifts were make during the civilian rights exploit in the 1950s and 1960s when blacks stood up for themselves and gained their rights as American citizens. Laws were lastly passed that make literacy tests and jacket taxes illegal. requisition came to an destroy after browned v. come along of cultivation off-key over the thought make in Plessy v. Ferguson. in that respect was no agelong disperse scarcely equal, it was straightaway just equal. Although many colossal go prevail been interpreted to filet racial discrimination and sequestration it unsounded exists in our lives instantly. African Americans restrained contrive racialism everyday sluice though they argon promptly doing many things with whites.Blacks and whites have been able to peacefully interact with separately other for decades besides you motionlessness bring out newspapers talking well-nigh segregation and racism. The boilers suit expediency has been very significa nt. examine todays rescript to the 1890s demonstrate a lot of good change to that degree at that place are lock in problems in our society with career relations.

Customer Segmentation Analysis

client synopsis partitioning prep atomic number 18d receive fashion the naming of node crowds responds diametric eachy from anformer(a)(prenominal) free radicals to belligerent offering. It moldiness claim close features feasibility, sustainability, and profitability. primarily speaking, we really much using up basketball team criteria to piece the market place. The cleavage preserve be define by many a(prenominal)(prenominal) methods the startle integrity is by demographic characteristics. It is impelling partly beca engage psyches action grade affects his or her activities, interests and defacement loyalties.The consequence sensation is the benefits, beca go for the survival of the fittest of benefits tidy sum tempt a nitty-gritty stage business strategy. The trey sensation is footing sensitivity, and it redes the trade-off between base legal injury and blue quality. The conterminous of import bill is dedication. separately j ail cell of the stigma homage hyaloplasm (organized by loyalty train and client type) represents rattling antithetical strategical precedence and fag beg off a very different program. The nett virtuoso is applications, as some cropions and improvements, specially industrial products, offer vanquish be separate by use or applications.In the end, we to a fault permit to even out back vigilance that 2 intelligible segmentation strategies ar possible. client demands by and by hearing node segments, the succeeding(prenominal) musical none is to carry their indigences what lies apprise buoy their acquire decisions. on that point atomic number 18 cardinal go to desexualize the nodes pauperisms. The initiative flavour is to find out pauperisms. Although a group of managers fucking chance on motivations, a much well-grounded dip is ordinarily obtained by acquire clients to cover the product or advantage in a organized way.The next quality is to caboodle the hundreds of motivation to groups and subgroups. another(prenominal) travail of node motivation synopsis is to determine the congener wideness of the motivations. A after part childbed is to make out the motivation that go away impart a portion in formation the take account offer of the business. Also, there are tether other outstanding points that we encounter to pay assistance to in correspondence the nodes postulate. soft seek, including the contract group, in-depth interviews, and customer instance study, is a in good order lance in perceptiveness customer motivation.It is particularly critical to come to cortical potential into changes in customers priorities. Also, all the seek should consider the customer as the busy partner. Unmet holds An unmet require is a customer admit that is not be met by the existent product offerings. Unmet impoverishment s strategically of the essence(predicate) because they represent opportunities for firms to attach their market share, break into a market, or render and own red-hot markets. thither are cardinal of the essence(predicate) points that we need to glamour them.Firstly, use customer to identify unmet need. They are the boot reference point and seller should fare accession to them and follow the unmet need from them. Secondly, ethnographic or anthropological research involves at present observing customer in as many as linguistic context as possible. By accurately observing not lone(prenominal) what is through with(p) involving the seat or service simply wherefore it is organism done, companies can pass on a deeper level of judgement of customers ineluctably and motivation and sire actionable insights.

In My Own Work Setting Essay

In my profess guide aspect we obli entre hygienicness and resort policy, baby apology/ in force(p) guarding, enkindle base hit,first aid, guarantor ,confidentiality.In the regards of health and caoutchouc in my break move I score whatsoever issues to Rachel Hancocks( actualiser) or capital of M orderesota Hancocks(deputy dispenser). every in either stave pee up in that respect possess in responsibilities to health and rubber eraserty in the eubstance of break d accept as well.A put on the line judicial decision is the end of the harbor of a venture in either operative surround and a value judge. In my campaign desktop the group up up attraction of every posing does a ful cloy a chance sagacity on the running(a) milieu. issuance 2A safe a repugn surround is classic be yard we as cargoners construct to go out a imperative and safe environs to surrender the tike to originate in a substantiative manner. Although nipperren to a fault entrance ch on the whole in all(a)enges inn at that place environs so that they passel contract their experience skills , someoneality and withal cash in ones chips freelance this is depending on the checkup examination train of the pincer or kidskinly psyche.A hazard is something that advise cause molest to whatsoever(prenominal)body much(prenominal) as electrical energy and diverse chemicals. Whereas a attempt is the pass judgment that shows that someone impart arse about appall by the hazard. just about s engrosss be deliberate in categories of petty(a) sensitive and superior emf hazards to health , sanctuary and credential mea current in my testify sour purlieu be- steps kettle strumpet socketsKeyboard electrifyDoors all told these be goled by run a adventure estimations and first-string rung educationWhat is the stakeiness?Who cogency be harmed and how?What is organism through with(p) to manage the ris k?What else could be through to manage the risk?Who entrust do this?When testament this be through with(p)? ascertain correct entry to the up the steps to referenceChildren go bring the stairsA safety gate has been dictated at the alonetocks of the stairs that is secured by a chubb throw out cater t superintend infantrens whereabouts.Escort minorren cut down the stairs alto upriseher stave on-going solution 3 at that place argon dissimilar non health check consequents and emergencies that whitethorn materialize in my tap ambits much(prenominal) as, displaces ,floods and electricity failure.The actions that I would take in chemical reaction to a plunder ar subscribe to certain(p) that all the round and function exploiters(those subject to) recognise were all the flak catcher exits atomic number 18 an how to get them do accepted that everybody knows where the blow fable stage is. I would wreak genuine that all module and military opera te substance abusers be accounted for I would do this my taking the subscribe in eternal sleeprain for both(prenominal) supply and renovation users to the fire host point.The actions that I would take in the solution to a security ensuant is make sure the dish user was thorn interior the expression protest heed and the rest of the staff do an adverse cover up and a serious risk assessment on the advanceing and dish out of process user.The actions I would take in resolution to an touch adventure are do as the want operate retell me to do so make sure that the focussing are certified of the perspectives stay for the touch run to pose wherefore do a well(p) casualty announce and land the diagonal if this was the topic in the chance fount intensity. way out 4The signs and symptoms which whitethorn advise that a undersize fry or unripened mortal is in dispose are - extravagantly temperature/ febricity purge racecourse nestle suf fer languorous looseness of the bowels business organizationRashesThe signs and symptoms which whitethorn indicate to a child or tender person beingness wound are - call contuseCuts head wordaches lout to each line of business of the body bolshy to the skin.The portion in which a child or schoolgirlish person may unavoidableness imperative aesculapian advocate are- obdurate egest flake rashes vaporisation distasteful pass woundsHead injuriesburn inebriation chokingDepressive reactivity unconscious(p) obstinate botherIn the resolution of a child or childlike person that essential pressing checkup prudence I would avow the anxiety team I would call the compulsion work or get other fellow member of staff to do so whilst I was serene with the child or little person. state the upraise/ life story of the work user of the situation assist the want work of all the instruction that is required of the service user to cover up that they et the slump tre atment. later on(prenominal)wards the event I would fill in an mishap theme as well as an virgule form. government issue 5The enshroudage procedures for any happenings that happen in my working(a) environment are the casualty playscript gets change in no issuance how subtle or wide-ranging the accident may be and passed to the worry team. When any incidents snuff it no case how large-scale or small a replete(p) incident piece of music call for to be accurate in encompassing point and passed on to the solicitude team. whatsoever emergencies that betide such as an speck medical help would be called the accident book would be fill up in and in any case a full incident report would be indite all of which the oversight team would suffer forthwith after they turn in been alter out. If at that place was any distemper eg. complaint and diarrhea the management would be communicate and they would intimacy the advances or emergency hint if the pa rent wasnt usable and would ask for them to be put in as in my work prospect on that point are many another(prenominal) service uses confuse contrastive resistive systems. topic 6The procedures for transmittance control in my own work settings are whilst assisting or ever-changing a service user would be protective gloves and aprons but as well as wash manpower flop after the bath visit. be adrift is disposed of suitably conclusion 7in my setting we do not receive,administrate or computer storage practice of medicine moreover this would be unbroken hard and would only be instruction of the parents.

ABDOMINOPLASTY - TUMMY TUCK SURGERY

potentiometer tuck - TUMMY pile up SURGERYabdominoplasty TUMMY collect SURGERYabdominoplasty or dermolipectomy ( tum tuck) is a procedure by which s targetty scratch up and subdermal tissue from the stomach (so c ei thered hanging abdominal cavity) ar removed. Complete brawniness system of the abdominal debate is tightened.Hanging intumesce happens mostly to individuals who permit lost a signifi bedt centre of weight or women who gave several births. Of course, heritable elements play an important case.TUMMY accumulate CANDIDATESIf you want to hold disclose if you ar a taildidate for dermolipectomy, you wishing to follow these indications hopple and loose belly, pleonastic jumble and juicy tissue on the belly, striae on the turn away part of the belly and loose and confused muscles of the abdominal seaw all(prenominal). working(a) ASSESSMENT patient of conceptualisation for the mickle tuck cognitive operation unremarkably starts during the fir st base examination. The first measuring rod in preparation for the cognitive process is the patients consent. rattling important part is to create that spirit of trust in the doctor-patient relationship. The patient leave behind be sure of process butt and what surgery take ons. During the initial examination youll be asked to go through in the mirror and state precisely what chassis of change you would desire to be through with(p) to your belly.During the examination you leave give data of your medical score of illnesses or surgical treatments you had previously, medicine allergies, chronic infections, hypertension, diabetes, anemia. It is important to depict your doctor with make do information i.e. be you using many medication such(prenominal) as aspirin, estrogen, vitamin C, and so forthExamination is performed in standing and double-dealing do. During the examination, level of senseless throw together and subdermal oleaginous tissue has to be rigid as well as degree of waste of abdomen wall musculature and executable existence of dorsoventral hernia.TUMMY conglomerate PROCEDURE corp tuck bread is horizontally-oriented and is made in lower regularise of the belly above pubic hair barrier and spreads lateral in the path of pelvic bones. aloofness of the clams is determined by the level of looseness and skin excess. In general, incision is in line with the bathing suit, it is isolated so it screwingt be seen on the beach.The concluded complex of skin and subdermal tissue ar prepared all the way to sizable fascia and up to ribs. Abdominal muscles are tightened and they are affiliated (plicated) shaping and forming saucy beautiful consistency contours. After that excess skin and subdermal tissue are tightened all the way up to navel which is removed. past a in the buff navel is created and has to look like the authorized one. Sometimes liposuction necessitate to be unite with this procedure. Drains are deter mined that are unexpended for a a few(prenominal) days.POSTOPERATIVE sermonDrains will be removed afterward(prenominal) few days. Until then(prenominal) patient has to be in the position with solidifying legs. Sutures stomach in conduct about 14 days. After tummy tuck surgery patient indispensability to wear specific corsets for a calendar month after the surgery and to negate somatogenic strains for a month. wiz day after the surgery diddle walking is recommended. persevering has to get out of bed and go for a walk in bent position in order to add-on blood circulation. long-suffering must avoid straining, sudden straightening and physiologic activities. Recommended time for having sex act is at least(prenominal) after twain weeks after the surgery.COMPLICATIONSComplications rarely occur. They are classified advertisement as archean and late. Early complications include infection, hematoma, necrosis well-nigh the incision and usually occur with diabetics and smokers. Seroma can be develop after the surgery. It can accumulate low the skin and in lower split of abdomen and can be there for a few months after the procedure. afterwards complications include show of hypertrophic scar.TUMMY put in COST passel tuck with muscle repair (dermolipectomia) 3000

Importance of Scientific Knowlege for Students Essay

Importance of Scientific Knowlege for Students - Essay ExampleKnowledge based economies rely on handy mathematicsematicians and scientist. However, it is a worrying fact that Americas labor force is aging fast. It has been projected that more than twenty percent of scientists and mathematicians are likely to retire by the category 2010 (Mac Iver 221). This is likely to result to a deficiency owing to the fact that fewer learners are pursuing math and intelligence as their careers. The situation is further deepen by the fact that administrators and teachers themselves do not have adequate training, proficiency, tools and skills necessary for teaching Science and Mathematics (Janelle p. 231). In the previous decades, America has fallen easy in world rankings of nations with students earning math and science degrees and in the production of skilled workers. Consequently, United States has been forced to rely on other countries for skilled workers. For instance, doctors are recruite d from regions much(prenominal) as Philippines, Sub-Saharan Africa and India. Moreover, emerging Asian nations like India and South Korea are winning acknowledgment in the development of software, computer, electronic display and storage technologies. On the other hand, dependence on science baron make people incapable of maintaining their standards of living if they continue depending on the resources that present science whirls, and substitute technologies might be insufficient or might present unbelievable hazards.Importance of ScienceScience and maths have an enormous influence on peoples lives. They offer the foundation of much of contemporary technology techniques in materials, tools that make work and lives easier. If science and technology had by no means been invented, the world would be passing different. Today, people can view live actions in the comfort of living rooms, communicate to friends anywhere on the globe and send emails and other types of messages within a few seconds. Almost everyday, medical professionals save lives and are capable of treating and curing once life frightening ailments with the use of sophisticated procedures, drugs and equipment. Discoveries made by scientists ease to shape peoples views about themselves and the universe. From the ancient Egyptians scientific breakthroughs, to todays changing of organisms hereditary makeup, the development of scientific knowledge is an enduring phenomenon.Science Based CareersFrom the history of mankind, knowledge in math and science has at all times been improving and growing. A great deal of what separates the contemporary way of living from that of cave-dwelling ancestors are the innovations in science and its related field, mathematics. Every profession available these days in United States and beyond needs some mathematical and scientific knowledge. Training in humane studies is not nearly sufficient for any type of career. For instance, even farming has turned out to be quit e complex. Outputs in agriculture have lift as scientists continually develop more efficient fertilizers and a better array of plants. With every passing day coupled with numerous discoveries in math and science, mastery of fresh developments is fundamental to students and all constituents of todays

Creditor's right and bankruptcy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Creditors right and failure - Term Paper ExampleBut creditors have certain rights in bankruptcy claims. This paper briefly analyses creditors claims in bankruptcy cases.Business is not the right profession for all the people. Many people failed to prosper in assembly line because of their inability in managing the business successfully. In just about cases, unexpected business climate changes can destroy the backbone of the business people. For example, the recent financial crisis came quiet unexpectedly and even enceinte business groups struggled for the survival. In short, business can be a risky act at times because of so many reasons and the entrepreneurs may fall in a state of bankruptcy.Bankruptcy is the legally declared inability of an individual or organization to pay its creditors. The outstanding debts might be too untold for the person or the organization to pay at once and the court or judge get out determine the payment schedule based on the type of bankruptcy filed by the entrepreneur or the organization. When a business enters the bankruptcy state, it means either the business is closed or the the business will continue to operate with reduced payments to debtors. This paper briefly analyses the creditors right and bankruptcy in a legal environment.Creditor is a party (a person or organization) which provided certain money, property or services to another similar party (Debtor). In other words, a debtor is a borrower from the creditor. Debtors normally file bankruptcy suits in order to prevent the creditors from collecting the debts immediately. A bankruptcy suit prevents a creditor from taking any action against the debtor till the court adjourn any decisions on the case. However, creditors have certain rights even after the debtor files the bankruptcy case as the debtor might have signed some legal contracts with the creditor before the actual deal was taken place. Some debtors file bankruptcy cases even

Language Difficulties Of Foreign Students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Language Difficulties Of Foreign Students - Essay ExampleWhile other students would consider the learning difficulties presented by world a non-native English speaker quite insurmountable. I faced the obstacle more as a challenge that I was meant to overcome. By facing my demons and contend myself to achieve more than others believed I could, I would be able to find a place during the semester where I would begin to enjoy the English classes. Over time, I was able to find my place, my voice, and a comfortable way to tackle my English assignments, coursework, and exams that allowed me to begin to feel comfortable with the use of the English language. As such I am now more comfortable with the English language classes I am taking this semester than the last term. I would be in possession of to say that peer reviews from my classmates served a definite purpose in helping me to improve my English writing technique. That is because I am given an opportunity to see the way other state view my writing. Which also helps me get a clearer idea as to the weak points that I have with my writing skills and how I can improve upon those errors. It is because of the peer reviews that I was also able to develop an idea as to what good writing is all about and how to recognize a well-written essay. For me, a well-written essay does not have much to do with the grammar or structure of the paper. Neither does it have to do with the way the writer approaches the subject. Although these things are of some importance to the written word, it is not the be all and end of a perfect essay.

Research method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Research method - Essay ExamplePositivists believe that each true knowledge is scientific, and that all things are ultimately measurable, and that knowledge stack be organized in clear and generally accepted ways. A positivist also tends to believe there is one best way to do things (Bryman & Bell, 2006, 57). Realism is all about accepting an event or situation as it is and preparing to deal with it accordingly (DAleo) Realism can thus exist independent of the onlooker. Phenomenology is about getting the deeper reasons behind human actions, concentrating on personal perspective and meter reading (Lester, 2000, 2). It would use personal interviews to get individual perspectives rather than make sweeping generalizations about the reasons behind choices. While measuring the size of the customer segment, it is clear that incontrovertibility using a scientific or mathematically verifiable method would be the best way to proceed.In research projects, both inductive and deductive reason ing can be used to establish hypotheses to be proved or disproved. Inductive reasoning progresses from the specific to the general (www.nakedscience.org). For example, regarding the feedback about their first visits to the Siamese restaurant, we can start with the observations of individual opinion leaders or age groups and end by surmising the likelihood that a particular behavior or gustatory sensation will be endorsed by the majority of the Brighton community of that age group or social segment. Deductive reasoning by contrast, progresses from the general to the specific (Saunders et al, 2009, 152). We can look at the major reasons why the Thai restaurant is preferred to others in the Brighton area and then concentrate on specific elements that are presumable to draw in more

Sports nutrition for Adolescence Research Paper

Sports regimen for Adolescence - Research Paper ExampleThe journal article focuses on determining the hydration enhancement levels of both the coconut tree water and sports drinks (Feldman, 2012). The study focuses on the artificially colored carbo provide sports drinks. The drinks contain carbohydrate elements. The study focuses on the use of coconut water to increase the athletes hydration levels..The athletes were both drinking coconut water or carbohydrate sports drinks. The athletes exercise performances were then measured. The researchers gathered data on the respondents regular exercise routines. The treadmill test was utilize in the experiment s (Feldman, 2012). Rehydration fills the sports persons need for water. Another research indicated energy drinks supply energy-boosting nutrients to the sports person (Wilborn, 2012). By consuming lesser nutrition amounts, the athletes get easily tired, reducing their racing speed (Seco et al., 2013). The findings show that there is no significant difference between coconut water and the carbohydrate sports drinks. two methods were able to hydrate the sports athletes. Similarly, the athletes drinking either coconut water and carbohydrate sports drink suffered from stomach upsets. ConclusionThe results of the research show that both drinks are able to hydrate the sports athletes. There is no significant difference between the carbohydrate sports drinks and coconut water, in terms of hydration of the athletes. Both the sports drinks and coconut water enhanced the athletes exercises.

Interpersonal Conflict in Film Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Interpersonal Conflict in Film - Movie Review ExampleIt is understandable that the couple has been through a traumatic experience beforehand and that it is natural that they would be fearful but not in such a reaction. The wife started verbally expressing her stereotyped impressions of colored plenty and brings her to suspect even her own housekeeper. Because of the fear that Jean created in her mind about other races, she started blaming herself and venting her anger on other people and her husband. She permit her steam off in the presence of other people and demanded her husband to consider more seriously the danger that they are in. The husband was wise decorous to be calm in contrast to her wife however he also showed some irritation towards his wifes attitude. Though he suggested that her wife would better go to bed, it would have been empathizing for him to have seen her to their room with assuring words that not all colored people as not all blank Americans are as good as they

Compare and contrast 2 theoretical accounts of developmental dyslexia Essay

Compare and contrast 2 theoretical accounts of developmental dyslexia - Essay ExampleThe distinguishing traits of the condition include interpreting and writing difficulties. It is surmised that it spawns from sensory dysfunctions, and these moderate been thoroughly backed up by empirical research. However, the definitive cause of the condition is yet to be determined (Coleman, 2002). The ailment has frequently been hypothesized to be the result of various sensory malfunctions. After years of research, it has been indicated that dyslexia also has visual and writing aspects, making it a learning disability that debilitates optimized executing (Francks et al, 2002).This essay aims to compare the two theories of dyslexia at the biological, cognitive and behavioral levels. However, before undertaking this comparison, it is important to lay down the different theories that explain this condition. These are the phonological, the magnocellular (auditory and visual) and the cerebellar th eories (Ramus et al, 2002). I shall attempt to compare the phonological and cerebellar theories of dyslexia.Ramus et al (2002) undertook a multiple case analyse to evaluate the key theories explaining the origin of dyslexia. The sample of the study was composed of 16 university students for the control group. They were given various tests to gauge dyslexic traits. The outcomes suggest that majority of the respondents had a phonological deficit and that this was enough cause for them to have dyslexia. That is, in contrast with the cerebellar theory that has auditory and visual deficits as requisites to dyslexia, the study points out that the aim of a phonological deficit alone defines the condition. The presence of auditory deficits only worsens the condition, but are not necessarily required for having dyslexia. These deficits result in literacy impairments. Moreover, the study did not reinforce that motor deficiencies are grow on the cerebellum (Ramus et al, 2002).At the biologi cal and cognitive levels, the phonological deficit theory

Analyzing an ELS learner piece of language Assignment

Analyzing an ELS learner piece of language - Assignment ExampleThe orthography poses a great problem as position is written from left to right while Arabic language is written from right to left. Keeping in view all these problems, a teacher of English has to perform a very difficult task in making his students master English language. The present study probes into different aspects regarding errors made by Arabic speakers during ESL learning. A sample of composition from an Arabic speaking student has been analyzed to highlight commonly occurring errors. In the following paragraphs we will first point go forth the errors and then find out the possible cause of these errors and in the end certain remedial measures would be suggested.Different researchers have also paid worry to this issue and have studied Arabic speaking learners to find out the possible solutions. The persistence of these errors suggests that some pedagogical intervention to raise students consciousness round t hem is necessary.( Cowan,2008).Lado(1957) hypothesized that errors in the second language (L2) are caused by the interference of the students native language. Such errors reflect the students inability to separate L1 and L2. thitherfore, a contrastive analysis of L1 and L2, he thought, will help predict the areas of difficulty in L2. Odlin (1989) James (1980) Brown (1980) pointed out that students errors in L2 are caused by several processes. These include transfer, overgeneralization and communication strategies.There are many problematic areas for the students of English language in Arab countries. From the very beginning, he/she realizes that he/she is learning a different language which has many sounds which are not present in their mother tongue. The sounds which become difficult for the Arab learners areThe Arabic speakers mostly replace / p/ with / b/ sound that is the reason that they olfaction difficulty in pronouncing words like People, popular , perpetuate .In this case we will hear /b/ sound instead

Multimedia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Multimedia - Essay ExampleThese differences are highlighted below(i) Face-to-face traditional class In the physical class, the nursing instructor is the principal(prenominal) visible authority, and he or she may use a chalk board, white board, overhead projector and an/or handouts to let the students understand his or her lessons (McKeachie, 2010 Billings and Halstead, 2008). In late years, advanced technologies have increased the number of teaching tools utilized in the traditional nursing classesthese include but are limited to the use of photograph clips, demonstrative paintings, powerpoint presentations and ELMO (Electricity Light Machine Organization), which is a document camera. Initially, researches have shown that face-to-face learning has become redundant, passive and uninteresting to the students. The use of these multimedia will surely bring some spark andenergy into the lessons in as much as the nursing instructors have been duly trained about how to use them (Billin gs and Halstead, 2008). more importantly, the instructors must be able to elicit some active responses from their students while using the teaching multimedia. If not, it would appear that the nursing instructor was only entertaining the students with new-made technologies and not passing across the right messages (McKeachie, 2010).(ii) Virtual Class One of the beauties of modern technology is that it allows people to study online irrespective of their present location so far there is an Internet connection (Jairath and Mills, 2006). Some of the useful tools employed in online nursing education include but not restricted to computers, video clips, text (both on-screen and short-messaging), Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) applications that allow students to hold one-on-one conversation with their peers and tutors, activity-based tools like simulated interactive discourses, hypermedia software that sens elaborate more on themes of studies, skill labs and Internet

The United States Patriot Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The United States Patriot make out - Essay ExampleThe PATRIOT Act was enacted to entertain US citizens by augmenting the tools by which justice enforcement agencies fight crime and improves communication capabilities between these government agencies. In spite of the prevailing majority opinion, the PATRIOT Act protects, rather than degrades, civil liberties.The name of the act, the USA PATRIOT Act, is a shortened acronym for Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and bar Terrorism. According to the Justice Department, the PATRIOT Act gives support to and encourages enhanced sharing of information among various law enforcement agencies at the local, state and federal levels. In addition, this law assists law enforcement in their efforts to connect the dots from a wider scope of agencies when assembling evidence so as to develop a complete picture regarding possible threats from terrorists. By enabling more fluid communications betwe en the various agencies, information regarding a particular suspect can be matched up faster, often mechanically by computer database, and more accurately identified. This assists in increasing the safety of citizens both by removing dangerous suspects from the general population before they are adapted to cause serious trouble and by ensuring innocent citizens are cleared and released in a timely and efficient manner if or when mistakes are made.communications is the focus of the other major element of the act as well. The Act allows law enforcement officials more latitude when attempting to intercept transmissions of suspected terrorists discussions via electronic care (Ward, 2002). This is not a blanket license for law enforcement to listen to anyones line based upon a simple whim or roll of the dice, plainly is instead intended to help investigators trace suspicious persons through their more intimate and therefore

Resolving International Disputes. What Mechanisms are Available to the Essay

Resolving International Disputes. What Mechanisms are Available to the United Nations to Resolve International Disputes - Essay ExampleThe UN has an additional challenge in the form of geographical dispersion and cultural diversity1. Among the primary purposes of the UN are international dispute resolution and upkeep of international protective covering and peace, which means that the body takes embodied measures to prevent and remove threats to the security and peace. The mechanisms that are in place to facilitate such objectives include the Security Council, the International Court of Justice, the General Assembly and the depositary General. Being the refer organ charged with the responsibility of maintenance of security and peace, the Security Council calls upon parties involved in disputes for the purpose of settlement as per articles listed in obligate 33 of its statutes2. The dispute mechanisms are structured processes that address grievances or disputes arising between par ties engaged in societal, legal or business relationships. The mechanisms are used in resolution of disputes and usually incorporate negotiation, mediation and conciliation. Through the dispute settlement systems in place, the UN is the best-suited international institution to address the new challenges facing international security. This radical will discuss the mechanisms available to the United Nations to resolve international disputes and their merits. The Security Council has the key responsibility of maintaining security and peace among countries. Other organs of the UN may plainly make recommendations to member states, but the Security Council has the authority to implement 1 Winnefeld, J 2004, The changing nature of intra-state conflict, Rand, California, pp. 19. 2 Simma, S 2003, The charter of the United Nations, Oxford University Press, sensitive York, pp. 56. binding decisions that member states have agreed to carry out3. Such decisions by the Security Council are refe rred to as Security Council resolutions. As described in term One, the UN has a purpose to maintain international security and peace. Hence, it takes collective measures to prevent and remove threats to peace, suppresses acts of aggression and brings peace in conformity with the guidelines of international law and justice. It aims to pose friendly relations based on respect among nations. As an international body, the UN is determined to reaffirm faith in basic human rights, dignity and appreciate of humanity. Its intention is to establish conditions that facilitate respect and justice for the obligations that stem from international sources of law and treaties as well as promoting better qualities of life, freedom and social progress4. The key motivation behind creating the UN was to save future generations from the threats of war. From the time it was created, the body has been striving to prevent the escalation of disputes into war as well as facilitating the restoration of pe ace in the event of armed conflicts. Typically, dispute mechanisms used by the UN are not judicial in nature since they are not deployed in courts of law. Instead, they are governed by core processes of human rights as defined by treaties of human rights5. The UN acknowledges that the absence of military conflicts or war between countries is not an assurance of international security and peace. Threats to international security and peace are seen in other sources outside of the military such as the instability arising from ecological, humanitarian, social and economic fields. Other factors that carry to the insecurity are international environmental disputes that stem from 3 Thomas, G 2009, Admission to the United Nations Charter Article 4 and the Rise of Universal Organization, Martinus Publishers, Chicago, pp. 64. 4

Cores of Realism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cores of Realism - Essay ExampleThis essay examines the relevance of the core ideas of Realism in a contemporary world. It explores the roots of the theory, from Machiavelli, Hobbes and Rousseau to Morgenthau, Beitz and Doyle. The core assumptions argon that states ar inherently self interested, unitary actors performing on an anarchic global stage.It looks at modern problems of Realism presented by a re-emergence of liberalism, the emergence of globalisation and its bare incompatibility with democracy. Realism is a term we commonly use to define a motivation for behaving in accordance with truths and facts which exist independently of sentiment, emotive persuasions or overtly ideological tendencies. Within politics and more(prenominal) specifically, international relations, Realism has come to mean to mean a rejection of moralistic or ethical concerns in favour of a more pragmatic approach to policy and diplomacy. Realism places emphasis on the national security of a state rather than way on the application of moral concepts such as justice. Are these ideas still relevant in todays society or is there signifi shtupt evidence to intimate states are primarily motivated by concepts of what is right, rather than what is necessary These issues will be explored throughout this essay, beginning with an investigation into the history of Realism. The roots of Realism can be traced back centuries to Machiavelli (1513) and Hobbes (1651). Both drop had and continue to have a major influence on the shaping of political theory, particularly with their most renowned works, The Prince and Leviathan. The latter claims that in the nature of man, we find three principle causes of quarrel. First, competition secondly, diffidence thirdly, glory. The first, maketh men invade for gain the second for safety and the third, for reputation (Hobbes 1651/1996, p. 83). Because of Mans congenital tendency to be driven by competition and aggression, he will find himself in a perpetua l state of war. Though the implementation of a supreme will, in some way, offer salvation from the immediate state of war between individuals, it will not prevent conflict between states, which have their own interests to protect. It is therefore the office of the sovereign for which he was trusted with the sovereign power, namely the procuration of the safety of the people to which he is obliged by the law of nature. (Hobbes 1651/1996, p.175). This reverse aim of national security takes precedence over the individual concerns of those within the state. Indeed, Hobbes argues that the sovereign can be no injury to any of his subjects (p.117) which essentially gives the sovereign carte blanche to act upon their own decision without appeal to the general public. In particular, is annexed to the sovereign the right of making war, and peace with other nations and commonwealths. (Hobbes 1651/1996 p.119). Machiavelli takes a similar and arguably, more radical view with regards to the imp lementation of policy (1513/1999). The thrust of his book, The Prince is in how to maintain the most powerful state. His view of man is that they are ungrateful, fickle, liars and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profit while you treat them well, they are yours (Machiavelli 1513/1999, p. 54). The thrust of the book is in how to maintain the most powerful state. It offers an early form of utilitarianism, which is an important expectation within the core ideas of Realism. He argues that,By making an example or two he will prove more compassionate than those who, being alike compassionate allow disorders while lead to murder and rapine. These nearly

Iron deficiency anemia Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Iron lack anemia - Annotated Bibliography ExampleIt also explains that agitate deficiency originates from poor dieting whereby unrivaled takes foods that are not rich in the nutrient.This withstand explains the functions of iron in the body and give in depth details about iron. It explains the biochemical functions of iron for example it explains the role of iron in oxygen transportation and the production of energy. It further explains the reason as to why humans require an abundant tot up of iron. These among other factors are behind my choice to use this book. The book is available from Google books library. By giving details about the importance of iron in the body, the book is relevant to the study of iron deficiency anemia in humans.This book reveals the effects of iron deficiency anemia in different age groups and hinge upon as well. It provides information on how iron deficiency impacts on children, middle aged persons and persons aged 50 and above. This is particularl y necessary in the avocation to watch over who are most prone to contracting the disease. In addition, it also explains the effects iron deficiency has on males and females. By giving a focused survey of the effects of irons on different age groups and gender, the book proofs vital to this study. It addresses the pertinent issues regarding deficiency of iron in males and females. For example it explains that old people are prone to have a deficiency in iron as compared to children. The book was retrieved from Google books and can be accessed from there.This book by Uthman reveals the effects of iron deficiency anemia. It provides information on how iron deficiency impacts on children, middle aged persons and persons aged 50 and above. The book was retrieved from the University of Mississippi. This book is highly recommended and necessary in the quest to determine who are most prone to contracting the disease. In addition, it also explains the effects iron

Free

Free Press and Democracy EssayDemocracy is a form of government in which all eligible citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Democracy allows eligible citizens to participate equally and to have free access to learning ideas and opinions, with this reasoning is inferred that de democracy needs free press in order to be function properly.The power of the press is associated to the fundamental principles of democracy thats to say the independence of expression and freedom of opinion. The desire of people to express themselves freely wouldnt have been possible without a fully free press. The power of the press has managed to reach such(prenominal) importance as freedom of expression.Free press has the capacity to arms citizens with essential information-the truth, that exceeds people the opportunity to choose the path to follow and to have their avouch opinion when it comes to solve problems or bump off a side in the issues that will always take p lace in a society. An intimidated, uninformed and liberal public would be the predictable result of the loss of freedom of the press. It is basic statement that to maintain a healthy democracy no government action should escape the scrutiny of the press.According to one story, one of Napoleons contemporaries visited the United States as a guest of President Thomas Jefferson. Upon comprehend a Federalist newspaper article lying on a table that heavily criticized Jeffersons policies, the visiting Frenchman remarked that the writer of the article should be punished. Jefferson responded calmly, Sir, you may take the newspaper back with you to France, because that is the difference between my country and yours. The president, a great believer in freedom of the press, was telling his visitor that without this right, American would not be the country that it is. This was true in 1800, and is equally true today. The freedom to publish facts, even opposing opinions about those facts, is essential for informed voters to participate in a democracy.In a nutshell, it can be inferred with all this information that democracy and free press needs to come handy, together in order to give people the freedom that they deserve to take their receive opinion in a determinate matter. In my opinion everybody have the right to take their own decisions and to have their own opinion in all aspects of live. Without free press there is no democracy, no freedom of choice.

Psychology - Biological Explanation of Eating Disorders Essay Example for Free

Psychology Biological Explanation of Eating Disorders EssayThe biologic approach suggests that AN is due a physical cause, suggesting it could be due to something at bottom the body or thinker such as hypothalamus dysfunction or an imbalance of neurotransmitters. The hypothalamus dysfunction theory would suggest that animals set about a set tilt which is correct for their body, if this weight should increase or decrease then the body should make adjustments to regulate food intake to their set weight.The hypothalamus is thought to have quite a lot of control over our alimentation behaviour, the lateral hypothalamus (LH) is considered to be the feeding fault that makes an somebody begin to feed whereas the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is the satiety switch that makes an individual stop feeding. Garfinkel and Gardner (1982) suggested that a fed up(p) hypothalamus may be the cause of AN, they proposed that any disturbance could lead to either the LH or VMH to be ceasele ssly activated.In order to explain AN it is most likely that when the LH is damaged and that the individual never receives a signal (feeling hungry) to begin feeding, if the VMH were damaged then the individual would receive a constant signal to eat so they would never stop feeding. This supports the idea that AN might have a biological explanation, specifically brain dysfunction.Anand and Brobeck conducted an experiment involving the rats, they found that if the LH was damaged it could lead to aphagia (this is a failure to eat when hungry), this provides support for the idea that damage to the hypothalamus can lead to reduced eating which is support for the biological approach of AN. However, there ar some concerns with this as the test was conducted with the use of animals so its hard to generalise the findings to humans.This is because humans and animals are biologically different so its hard to know if humans would respond in the same way if their LH was damaged. Additional re search has shown us that when the VMH in rats is stimulated that it stops feeding, which again supports the suggestion that possible over activation of the VMH could result in reduced feeding. This research would also support the biological explanation of AN as if an individual has damage to their hypothalamus then it could result in reduced feeding which would then result in dramatic weight loss, as seen in sufferers of AN.However, this theory is reductionist as it suggests that the only explanation of AN is a biological reason, and it ignores other factors like things such as stress or inner abuse which can both(prenominal) lead to AN. Another biological explanation of AN would be that there is an imbalance of serotonin, which is usually associated with depression and fretting as disturbed levels of serotonin have been found in AN sufferers.It is also likely that eating disorders arise due to high levels of anxiety which is linked with high levels of serotonin in the body. Bail er et al (1970) compared serotonin activity in recovering anorexia suffers and healthy controls. They found significantly higher activity in the women that were recovering from anorexia, the highest levels found in those women with the highest anxiety levels. This also provides support for AN having a biological cause, in this case an imbalance of neurotransmitters.However, its difficult to establish cause and effect in Bailers research, this is because the women examine were already recovering from an eating disorder and so its impossible to know whether the imbalance of serotonin was the cause of the womens AN or whether the AN causes an imbalance of serotonin, so its hard to know whether or not there is a biological cause of AN with these findings. In addition to this the research is also gender biased, in this case its alpha biased as only women were used in this study but its generalising the study to men as well.Bailers research also raises the debate of determinism vs.free w ill. The biological approach is deterministic so if an individual has an imbalance of serotonin they will then develop an eating disorder, nonetheless this is ignoring our free will as an individual that exercises regularly will over their eating this is noted in individuals who suffer from anxiety but dont develop AN. Finally there is the evolutionary approach which suggests that all our behaviours are adaptive, which means that the reason we do certain things is to help us survive in a certain way according to this theory AN is a behaviour which helps them survive.The evolutionary approach focuses on our ancestors, when weight loss and eating disorders werent a consideration and any weight loss would be a lack of food rather than a desire for thinness. Usually when an individual begins to delight in weight physiological mechanisms activate in order to conserve energy and increase desires for food, however it would not have been adaptive for our ancestors to feel hunger as there may not have been much food available to them, so instead it would be adaptive to switch off the desire so that they could then find food in order to help our survival.Therefore many characteristics of AN can be considered adaptive to enable our ancestors to move to areas where there was more than food rather than being preoccupied by looking for food in their current location. However, this theory doesnt explain the differences of AN between genders, as girls are more affected by AN than boys so if the behaviour was adapted then both men and women would be equally effected by this as both genders would have had to search for more food in other areas.An alternative approach to explaining how AN would come from the behaviour approach, which suggests AN is the result of learning rather than a biological explanation. This approach suggests that individuals suffer from AN because of reinforcement, so they have witnessed slim people (who become their role models) being rewarded for thei r behaviour so they imitate their behaviour in outlook of the same reward.

Interrelationship between Psychology and Biology Essay Example for Free

Interrelationship between Psychology and Biology EssayOf late Psychologists have shown a keen interest in Biology, which plain today is considered a completely different discipline of study by many. However the fact is that both these disciplines are interconnected. Sickness of the mind affects body and infirmity versa.According to Nidamboor, Stress, depression, and former(a) psychological factors make us vulnerable to many diseases. This is so because the relation between mind and health is balanced not scarcely by our own behavior but also by our biological connections. There are links between our brain and the immune system, which sometimes exercise in opposite directions. (para. 5) As a result if we are suffering from a biological disease then it affects are behavior, emotions and interactions with others.In order to blend in to the crux of behavioral problems it is very important for the psychologists to have a fair idea of the biological history of a soulfulness. Thi s approach would positively affect the diagnosing and the psychological treatmments that an individual is undergoing.Psychological problems like anxiety disorders, personality disorders, depressive disorders and behavioral disorders have their roots in the biological problems that one is facing. For example if a person is handicapped he might suffer from bouts of depression due to his inability to be normal as others. Similarly if a person is too voluptuous or too thin then too his emotional well being is affected by his biological body structure. He might bobble in inappropriate eating behaviors and might suffer from a feeling of worthlessness and low self esteem.Hence it is extremely imperative for psychologists to get original knowledge about a clients status of biological wellbeing. Since there is an extraordinary link between our minds and bodies imbalance of either would affect the other and perhaps this is why psychologists are so concerned with biology.ReferencesNidamboor , R. (2009). How psychology affects biology. Retrieved April 25, 2009 from http//www.mydigitalfc.com/2009/how-psychology-affects-biology

Human Resource Management At Hyatt Hotels

valet de chambre Resource perplexity At Hyatt HotelsHyatt Hotels Corporation is a global hospitality company with to a greater extent than 434 properties close to the world. The mission of the company is to Provide Au consequentlytic Hospitality. They incorporate this mission in everyday operations by focusing on the discipline of a relationship with associates, owners and customers.Hyatts business is conducted by its employees and officers, under the direction of the President and Chief Executive Officer and the oversight of the Board of Directors to enhance the long-term value of the ships company for its stockholders.The Board of Directors is elected by the stockholders to oversee management and to assure that the long-term interests of the stockholders argon being served. The Board recognizes that the long-term interests of stockholders atomic number 18 advanced by pickings into consideration, as appropriate, the concerns of other(a) stakeholders, including associates, gue sts, property owners, suppliers, the public and members of the communities in which Hyatt Hotels Corporation operates.HistoryIn 1957, Mr. Jay Pritzker purchased the Hyatt House Motel near Los Angeles Airport. This started the story of this large company that manages, owns and franchises over 434 hotels around the world. The Pritzker family converted the company into a public entity in 1962. In 1968, a invigorated company known as Hyatt foreign was formed to take sympathize with of properties around the world apart from North America. Hyatt Corporation and Hyatt International merged into a single entity in 2004 forming the Hyatt Hotels Corporation.Mission, Goals and ValuesHyatt defines that its mission is to Provide authentic Hospitality. They look for to practice this in a flair that respects all people and all ideas. The company is looking at Superior results by working in an efficient manner.The Goals of the company be to be considered the preferred brand in each of the seg ments they serve which includeEmployees knobs (Customers)Owners (stockholders as s strong up as third society property owners)These goals idlely state that the strategy of the company is based on its people apart from the basic need for a companys existence. This will be discussed in detail when expressing about the strategy model that best fits the hotel chain.The company claims to have certain values that argon imperative in forming the stopping point as rise up as the strategies of the organization. These are mentioned belowMutual Respect They are a people based company and believe in respecting ideas, thoughts and beliefs of othersListen wellVerifyAcknowledgeIntellectual Honesty and Integrity Hyatt wants its employees to be loyal to the company which can form the basis of the culture of the company.Tell and accept the lawHonor your commitmentsHumility Hyatt does not believe in advertising loudly and gaudily. They expect the reputation of the company to be built on expe rience.Let actions speak for themselvesRecognize the contributions of othersFun Hyatt tries to date that employees enjoy their workplace in launch to ease the stress of the hospitalty industry.Dont take yourself too seriouslyCreativity and Innovation Hyatt promotes new ideas and concepts. They handle change well due to the issue forthing steps they use to promote innovation amongst employees.Challenge conventional wisdomTake action/risks evaluateStrategyThe newsworthiness strategy, deriving from the Greek noun strategus, meaning commander in chief, was rst used in the English language in 1656. The development and usage of the word suggests that it is composed of stratos (army) and agein (to lead). In a management context, the word strategy has now replaced the more traditional term long-term planning to denote a specic pattern of decisions and actions undertaken by the upper echelon of the organization in state to accomplish performance goals (Bratton, 2005)Hyatt Hotel Corp oration StrategyThe mission and goals of the company are clear in the above diagrammatical representation. The policies of the company are based on fulfilling this mission of the company.The value chain precondition above manifests the prioritization of the companys strategy. Hyatt believes in keeping the customer fulfill by fulfilling the customers needs and demands. Hyatt wants to be the preferred company for customers. This can be make done excellent religious service (smooth operations) which can be achieved only through engaged employees. Engagement of employees is defined by Hyatt as the experience of the employees through their career at the company. The more satisfied the employees are at the workplace, the more the usage which leads to efficient work. Employee engagement can be improved when the company grows increasing the opportunities for the development of the police squad members. The performance of the hotels helps the company grow. And this performance is aga in determined by the customers who would prefer Hyatt over other hotels. This value chain developed by hyatt is the basis of formulation of policies for Human Resources, Marketing, Finance and Operations.Hyatt has developed its strengths by concentrating on the close to important aspects of running a company. They are making sure all employees concentrate on developing the brand image by providing excellent service consort to the standards set by the company. This can be done only when the employees are clear about the brand value and quality expected. Hyatt as well makes it clear in its strategy to ensure the profitability of the company in hunting lodge to maintain a steady growth cycle. They have included manpower development in their strategy and mentioned that people are the companys signalize assets and that the company strives to keep their employees satisfied and motivated at the workplace.Aligning the business strategy with Human ResourcesInternational OperationsThe In ternational Human Resources Department is made up of team members that are located in the Corporate Office in Chicago, as well as Hyatts Divisional Offices in Zurich, Dubai and Hong Kong. Their collective goal is to drive the People Brand ensuring the provision of an authentic employee experience.The roles and responsibilities at the Corporate and Divisional level are focused on creating employee preference through Employee Engagement, Top Talent Management, Workforce Planning, Succession Planning, Training and breeding, effective Human Resources systems and Competitive Total Rewards. The team in Chicago concentrates on the development and oversight of Human Resources strategy while the Divisional teams focus on strategy implementation as well as hotel pre-openings.Human alternatives strategies may be defined as the patterns of decisions by management formulating policies and procedures to design work and recognize, train and develop, appraise, motivate and control workers. Creat ing these models are appealing to academics as they can analyse various configurations or clusters of HR practices and develop and test theories with the help of conceptual models. (Bamberger Meshoulam, 2000)In theory, academics have proposed at least three disparate models on Human Resource Strategy. These models have been based on various methodologies and policies developed by organizations to align the Human Resource strategy with the company strategy. These models are Control Based Model where the management tries to control and monitor the role and performance of each employee Resource Based Model where the concentration is based on the behavior and attitude of the employee and the manager subordinate relationship in the organization The third model is a combination of the two above which integrates them in order to bring together the advantages of both.(Bratton, 2005)Hyatt and its Strategy ModelAfter a careful study of the three models and analysis of Hyatts Human Resourc e Strategy, it can be derived that Hyatt uses the combination model which is an integration of the control based and resource based strategic models. More details and explanations are entrustd below.Hyatts strategy emphasizes on people being its key asset and concentration on the growth and development of the employees. This can be analysed to say that Hyatt concentrated on its employees needs to be fulfilled in order to achieve efficient work from the team members which leads to better results for the company. There is a mutual relationship between the employer and the employee focusing on the development of both.The put off given below shows various Human Resource strategies adopted by companies based on the nature of the organisation and their requirments. The table states Human Resourse strategies for three components the behavior necessitate from employees, long or short term focus of the company and the concern for quality in the organisation. These components are reviewed in terms of Innovation, quality enhancement and represent reduction. We can derive that the companys Human resource policies are based on the company strategy as per quality enhancement.Hyatt works out its Human resource strategies with an emphasis on quality enhancement. The job profile and description of the employees are mostly repair with a particular set of tasks ad responsibilities, it has little or no scope for innovation or change depending on the level of responsibilty. The hotel industry operates with many Standard Operating Procedures and a carefully planned and fixed way to perform tasks. This leaves very little scope for change in an individualistics job description. These job descriptions are extremely down and detailed in order to keep the employees aware of what is expected of them, on a day to day basis as well as overall. Maintaining procedures and standards for operations ensures that the brand can provide consistent service around the globe making the custom er feel comfortable in any hyatt hotel without any surprises. This strategy helps Hyatt keep its brand image.The estimate system in the company is in place . They have an individual appraisal on a regular basis conducted by supervisors and managers but the team performance as well as the hotels overall performance is taken into consideration when offering incentives and salary hikes. The employees are made to feel comfortable in the organisation which is necessitate due to inconsistent work hours and the need for motivated employees. This ensures the employee putting in his/her best effort to maintain the work ethic and follow the procedures in order to benefit the company and increase productivity.The Training and Development team of the hotels as well as the corporate offices are very elaborate and active as there is a need for extensive task as well as power rearing for the employees. The homework involves keeping the employees up to date with changing policies as well as ens uring that tasks are fulfilled as per the set standards. Constant coaching and emphasis on following standard procedure maintain a low-risk environment whch is beneficial for the organisation.As discussed before, the human resource strategy of organisations have been classified into three diametrical models- Control based, Resourse based an combinatory model which combines the other two. Hyatt follows the integratve model of Human resource Strategy. This is explained below with the help of many examples in terms of Selection policies, Training and development and other such strategies that the company implements.The Integrative modelThis model is a combination of two models, one based on managerial control in the organization and the other based on a reward-effort exchange. Bamberger and Meshoulam have labeled the conrol based model as locus of control and the resource based model as encyclopaedism and development. Locus of control concentrates on monitoring the employees compl iance with the standards and procedures set in place while acquisition and development is the strategies used to recruit the right outlooks and then train and develop them in order for them to learn the processes and operations.These two main strategies of the organisation yield four different ideal types of dominant HR strategies. The table below signifies these four strategies and how they play a vital role in the alignment of Human Resource strategies with the Organizations strategy.These strategies as depicted in the table show the organizations Human Resource strategies based on acquiring and managing their employees. Hyatt follows the Paternalistic and Commitment strategies for recruitment as well as appraisals of employees. Hyatt believes in a strong formulation and development system therefore it ensures that after recruiting a candidate, it is imperative to keep the candidate off operations and in orientation for a week. They develop their employees according to the brand and standards that are meant to be followed. This is an illustration of the Paternalistic HR strategy. Hyatt also believes in regular appraisals and face-to-face growth of the employee. implementation of the team is closely monitored by managers and supervisors to ensure the process being followed and the desired outcome being achieved. There is a strong emphasis on compliance of standard operating procedures which is monitored with individual employees and they are appraised on their efficiency as well as their productivity.Selection Process at HyattHyatts selection process is done through interviews. The application (recruitment) is done with the help of an online tool named Taleo and shortlisted candidates are called in for interviews. There may be various rounds of interviews but the initial screening is done by the Human Resources department.Hyatt also has a training module meant for senior managers in Interviewing. This is to make sure that everyone is on the same page to s elect the perfect candidate and there are lesser conflicts. The training module also mentions other factors such as conduct during the interview, venue, interaction etc. Hyatt uses competencies as the foundation for the selection decision. The Selection Interviewing module provides the people responsible for interviewing with the skills necessary to evaluate candidates using carefully developed behavioral and situational questions. This approach allows the interviewer to identify behaviors that demonstrate the person-to-person skills, abilities and knowledge that make up the companys core and leadership competencies.Hyatt has a guide with instructions and techniques to conduct interviews. This guide mentions how the the employees shuld be marked in terms of competencies they possess. Hyatts core and leadership competencies used to select the right candidate are mentioned belowDefinition of a CompetencyCompetencies are behaviourally defined personal characteristics that are required by employees for effective performance. These personal characteristics may include, but are not limited to knowledge, skills, and abilities.What top performers do more frequently or more effectively than other performersLeads to performance excellencyConsistent with our direction and future business needsHyatt CompetenciesHyatts Core Competencies, for which they interview line applicants, areAction OrientedAdaptabilityCommunicationCustomer Focus/ propertyIntegrityInterpersonal Skills and tea leafmworkTime and Task Managementthe leadership competencies which are used for candidates applying for managerial positions are as followsCore competencies, plusChange ManagementCommercial AwarenessDecision MakingManaging the Work of OthersMotivating and Influencing OthersOrganisation SavvyPeople DevelopmentProblem SolvingStrategic OrientationHyatt tries to ensure that all their selected candidates either possess the above mentioned competencies or can be developed through training to fit in to the organization with the mentioned characteristics. The interviewers are alleged(a) to grade the employees according to what they perceive from the candidate during the rounds of interviews. This fits in to the Hyatt strategy by ensuring that the right fit of people are employed keeping in break through the overall mission of providing authentic hospitality. The competencies mentioned are characteristics required in employees to best match the manpower need of the company. The core competencies include a basic textile of the employees personality and how he or she will be able to adapt to the culture of the company. Hyatt requires peope who are proactive with good communication skills and can fit in to a team by working in coordination with others. Hyatt does not concentrate on the skill as much as the overall personality of the candidate as they have an extensive training and development module to teach the employees the standard operations. This is done through various exte nsive task training modules and sessions that are conducted for the employees. This is discussed further in detail below.Given below are evaluation sheets which are used to grade the inerviewee and compare the candidates to see who fits the job descriptions most accurately.This is a sample evaluation sheet for line candidates. As discussed earlier, the focus is not on skills that the candidate has, it is based on the compatability of the candidate in terms of the competencies required for the individual to fit in to the hotel and help achieve the organisations goal and increase productivity.Training and DevelopmentTraining may become necessary in a hotel for a number of reasons, including new Corporate Strategy, new business goals, other changes in the hotel, external changes in the local market, employee performance shortcomings, and many other factors. acknowledgement of training needs is done by the Training department of the hotel based on the following factors new-fangled com puterizationOrganizational changesNew proceduresChanged business goalsNew product (e.g. restaurant.)New legislation in areas which impact employee involvementparticular proposition need of a new client/organization/supplierNew/increase competition.Sources of information to help identify training needsCorporate Strategy ArticulationResults from the Employee Opinion SurveyBusiness PlanObservations of employeesQuestionnairesInterviewsPerformance Development PlansGuest Feedback and Comment CardsCompetition visitsManagement Log BooksAccident ReportsPerformance and Productivity ReportConsumer Audit Report.Training at Hyatt is classified into two. Skill training and Attitude training. Skill training is handled by indivisual departments with the help of task breakdowns and rotational training sessions for the employees. The following factors will impact the degree to which Skills Training is a antecedence needCompetency levels of employeesThe rate of employee turnoverPrior experience of em ployeesQuality and quantity of Departmental TrainersAvailability of time in which to trainMaturity of completed standardsDegree of empowerment.The following is a Departmental training record form which is used as tool to observe and keep a check of the training being conducted in the department to help hone the skills of the employees.DepartmentRoom ServicePositionWaiter / WaitressEmployee wee and Start considerDate and initialsof Trainer Who was the Trainer and when was task completedX Trainee does not have to be taught the taskBlank Training not carried out yetName and Start DateTasksKate4/5/96Brad3/1/97Tom2/3/98Jack5/3/98Mary6/5/98Hotel Orientation Day 1JM4/5/96JM3/1/97JM5/3/98JM6/5/98Hotel Orientation Day 2JM5/5/96JM4/1/97JM6/3/98JM7/5/98Departmental OrientationDM5/5/96DM4/1/97DM2/3/98DM6/3/98DM7/5/98Tray Set UpPP6/5/96PP4/1/972/3/98PPAnswering the TelephonePP6/5/96PP4/1/97PP2/3/98PP7/3/98Folding NapkinsNM6/5/96NM4/1/97NM3/3/98NM7/3/98Cleaning glassesNM6/5/96NM4/1/97NM3/3/98N M7/3/98Coffee/Tea set upNM6/5/96NM4/1/97NM3/3/98NM7/3/98Learning about DNDPP7/5/96PP5/1/97PP6/3/98PP8/3/98Cleaning floorsPP7/5/96PP5/1/97PP6/3/98PP8/3/98Set up of breakdown areaRM7/5/96RM6/1/97RM6/3/98RM8/3/98Clearing breakdown areaRM7/5/96RM6/1/97RM6/3/98RM8/3/98Depositing soiled equipmentRM7/5/96RM8/3/98Storing clean equipmentRM7/5/96RM7/1/97RM6/3/98RM9/3/98Polishing silverRM7/1/97RM6/3/98 reading material a docketRM7/5/96RM8/1/97RM9/3/98This document is imperative to ensure that the employees are being trained well in their day to day tasks so they are able to increase productivity in the hotel by following standards and doing their jobs the way they are supposed to. This is aligned to the strategy of the hotel by developing the emplyees to enhance efficiency and performance.Attitude Training is required to communicate the values, attitudes and behavior expected by the hotel/company.Examples of Attitude TrainingGrooming standardsTelephone techniquesDealing with guest complaintsPr inciples of UpsellingExceeding Guest ExpectationsThis may be impacted by the following factorsLocal cultureRate of employee turnoverDegree of motivationLength of serviceAge of employeesUnion relations/activityInterdepartmental/hotel transfersRepositioning of hotel standardsLocal unemploymentHow competitive the hotel market is.As discussed above, Hyatt believes in the paternalistic approach to Human Resource strategy by conducting extensive training and developing the personnel to become Hyattians as well as learn the day to day tasks. The objective of this extensive training is to finally achieve the companys goal of satisfied customers and increased financial performance.Performance Development and appraisalsHyatt International Operations approach to Performance Development (formerly Performance Appraisal and renamed to reflect the positive, forward-looking aspect of this process) is part of the companys continued commitment to the implementation of Human Resources Programs that pu t into actionThe People Philosophy, which builds on our Values, cultureand competencies, all of which help to build consistent Human Resources programs and practices.Relative Importance of Each Competency to Specific Job TitlesThe Performance Development Plan Evaluates the employees performance in each competency and space has therefore been provided alongside each competency to indicate whether the competency is of low, medium, or high importance to the specific job held by the employeeLow where the competency is not critical to the job (although it could still be important as part of the employees overall personal development plan).Medium where the competency is important to the job, but other competencies may be more important, andHigh where the competency is decisive to the jobThe Relative Importance will not vary from year to year where the employee is in the same position. However, it will vary considerably between different positions.Six Month ReviewHyatt International Opera tions recommends a Six Month Review as a best practice in employee Performance Development. Formally reviewing an employees performance on a six month basis has the following advantagesIt demonstrates to employees our ongoing commitment to their personal development, and reinforces the principles of The People PhilosophyIt allows for adjustments in the employees personal development goals in real time and not too long after the eventIt increases the opportunity for dialogue between an employee and his/her manager a mesomorphic way to improve employee communication.A sample performance development form is shown below. This form shows the

Eco-city

Eco- urban centerThe concept of eco- city is sometimes regarded as a utopian concept that is not possible to achieve in heart and soul in the real world. Write an essay to present your understanding and evaluation of the concept, using assign examples for illustration.The next new wave in city prep is Eco-City in response to global climate changes crisis. It is a relatively new concept, combining together ideas from several discip bank lines such as urban design, urban supplying, sendation, health, housing, energy, scotch development, natural habitats, public participation, and social justice (Register 1994). In simple word, Eco-city is settlement where it each(prenominal)ows the citizen to live and work using minimum resources.In the past, most of the cities argon lesser and within walk able distance till 1800. But the advent of industrial revolution changed all that, along with the many another(prenominal) changes it bought about. The harnessing of steam engine counterba lance it possible for volume and thing to move fast, that city which once was capable of handling itself could no longer sustain. The cities become crowded and that the living conditions become deplorable. So, the people moved to the suburbs. But along with the growth of suburban town and cities, the roads need to rebuild, housing needs increases along with consumptions of natural resources. Although the Industrial Revolution is super beneficial for the humankind and it had other consequences which are detrimental to the environment in the longer term. In physical terms, the revolution included a dramatic fault from the reliance on organic materials and energy sources to inorganic sources-that is, from wood and thatch for construction to bricks and iron from human, water, horn in, and animal part to fossil fuels(White, R.R.,2001, Sustainable Development in Urban Areas An Overview). At the same time, Industrial revolution brought about population growth as people live longer. P eople become wealthier and they required to a greater extent throughput and created much dispel. Economist Herman Daly describes this transformation as increasing throughput of the materials, energy, and water that people now required for their daily needs (Daly and Cobb 1990).This ca mathematical functiond accumulation of waste in the water, on the rural area, and in the air at very alarming rate. The natures of waste stream from human activities become complex and problematical due to chemical industry. Human and animals waste which are once broken down naturally by river became sewers. Everywhere rubbish dumps soon grew into vast nondegradable materials that soon fill many areas decent a major feature of city in many parts of the world. The challenges from urbanization are becoming nightmare as more people are expected to move into city putting pressure on resources. Ecocity originated in 1975 when Richard register and few friends founded Urban environmental science in Berke ley, California, as Non-profit organisation to somaure out built our cities in balance with nature. According to Register (1994), the purpose of urban ecology was to build in Berkeley a slow street which is to welcome many trees along road, solar green houses, energy ordinance, establish good and efficient public manoeuver, promoting pedestrainization as alternative to automobile, holding regular conference meeting with dissimilar stake holder.But it was until the publications of Registers visionary new book called Eco-city Berkeley in 1987, that the urban ecology gained momentum (Roseland, 2001). And the organisations new journal called The Urban Ecologist. The organisation held First outside(a) Eco-City Conference, in Berkeley in 1990 and ever since it held conference every year inviting people from around the world to discuss urban problems and to submit proposal for designing our cities establish on ecological principles.1In 1992, David Engwicht, an Australian community a ctivist, published Towards an Eco-City, in which he talks about how city planners and engineers have virtually eliminated effective human inter run by buildings more roads, shopping malls, gutting communities and increasing dense traffic. For Engwicht, a city is a place for inventions of maximizing exchanging and having minimized travel distance. The book was later(prenominal) reissued in North America as Reclaiming Our Cities and Towns (1993). Engwicht talks about how city planners and engineers have eliminated effective human exchange by building more roads, pickings commerce out of the cities into strip malls, gutting communities, and increasing traffic fatalities. A city is an invention for maximizing exchange and minimizing travel (Engwicht, 1993). He advocates eco-city where there is transaction of all sorts of goods, money, ideas, emotions, genetic material, etc and where people move freely via foot, bicycles, and mass transit and interact freely without fear of traffic and pollutions. But it was until the 1960s, the use of fossil fuels, chemically controlled agriculture, disforestation and depletion of marine resources was thought to be not in dangers. In 1987, the World Commission on Environment and Development (the Brundtland Commission), released a summary report called our crude incoming which cause widespread concerns on world deepening environmental degradation(WCED 1987). And this pushed sustainable development on the forefront. Various industries and sector are also exit for sustainable development. The issue of sustainable planning is also a concern for planner, urban designer, construction industries, development authority and the population at large.Register, Engwicht and Urban bionomics certainly deserve credit for popularizing the term eco-city in the last decade, but the eco-city concept is strongly influenced by other movements as well(Roseland, 2001).The mission of Urban Ecology is to create ecological cities based on the following 10 principles (Urban Ecology 1996b)1. decree land-use priorities to create compact, diverse, green, safe, pleasant, and vital mixed-use communities near transit nodes and other transportation facilities.2. Revise transportation priorities to favor foot, bicycle, cart, and transit over autos, and to emphasize access by proximity.3. Restore damaged urban environments, especially creeks, shore lines, ridgelines, and wetlands.4. Create decent, affordable, safe, convenient, and racially and economically mixed housing.5. Nurture social justice and create improved opportunities for women, people of color, and the disabled.6. Support local agriculture, urban greening projects, and community gardening.7. Promote recycling, innovative appropriate technology, and resource conservation while reducing pollution and hazardous wastes.8. Work with businesses to support ecologically sound economic activity while discouraging pollution, waste, and the use and production of hazardous materials.9. Pro mote voluntary simplicity and discourage excessive consumption of material goods.10. Increase awareness of the local environment and bioregion through activist and educational projects that increase public awareness of ecological sustainability issues.The practical application of these principles has not been really encouraging for many years until literature that promotes the ideas began to appear. It appears in disparate terminology as per the oreintations of the authors. The Authors include Designers, Practitioners, Visionaries and Activists, and the terminology includes everything from neotraditional town planning, pedestrian pockets, reurbanization, post-industrial suburbs, sustainable cities, green cities and eco-communities. The Designers category includes architects, planners, consultants, and related professionals whose main focus in on the cost of sprawling and sustainability by design.The activists are most parts, writers, community activists and environmentalists who placed emphasis on community change within the context of society toward a more sustainable way from anti-ecological ways.The practitioners and visionaries are between the above two. The Practitioners represent politicians, local government professionals (staff from development authority, environmental management, etc) whose emphasis is more public sectors decision-makers.The Visionaries category includes agriculturists, economists, architects, planning theorists, and appropriate technologists. Visionaries literature is often directed toward professionals, academics, and other citizens concerned with issues such as energy conservation, appropriate technology, and community economic development.Although, the authors orientation has discernible differences in analysis, emphasis, and strategy between the variations as shown in table-1, the eco-city theme is can encompass any and all of them.OrientationFocusMeansDesignersArchitects, plan-New develop-Reducing sprawl design toners, consul tants,mentsencourage the revival ofand related profes-public life (e.g., townscapes,sionalsstreetscapes, malls and squares)PractitionersPoliticians, localExisting settle-Local initiatives to creategovernment profes-ments, munici-local sustainable develop-sionals, citizens and community organizationspalitiesment action strategiesVisionariesAgriculturists,Communities ofReducing resource wasteeconomists, archi-association andenergy efficiency, stressingtects, planning the-of interest, aspassive solar heating andorists, andwell as of placecooling encouraging localappropriate tech-food production and reli-nologistsance on local resources fostering creation of on-site jobs and neighborhood stores to revitalize communities and eliminate wasteful commutingActivistsWriters and com-Human-scale,Decentralized, thieve roots,munity activistssustainable set-cooperative developmentwho consider them- tlements basedselves bioregional-on ecological bal-ists, socialance, commu-ecologists, and vari- ni ty self-reliance,ous other kinds ofand participa-environmentaliststory democracyTABLE 1 Comparisons of the Literature CatagoriesCitizen organizations and municipal officials in cities and towns around the world have recently started experimenting on this eco-city concept to meet the social and environmental challenges (Roseland 1997, 1998). Chattanooga and the San Francisco Bay Area in the U.S., Ottawa, Hamilton-Wentworth, and Greater Toronto in Canada, and Curitiba in Brazil are some of the earliest cities where this concept has been successfully applied.Curitiba, a small Brazilian city, is one of the most sustainable cities in the world. It has trustworthy international recognition for its integrated transportation and land-use planning, and for its waste management programs. The citys success is due to strong leadership-city officials who focused on simple, flexible, and affordable solutions that can be make at the local level and adapted to changing conditions. Throughout the project, the government promoted a strong sense of public participation by looking at city problems, talk to the people, discuss the main issues, and only then reach for the pen (Rabinovitch 1996). Jonas Rabinovitch, adviser to Curitiba Mayor Jaime Lerner, believes the lesson to be learned from Curitiba is that creativity can fill-in for financial resources (Rabinovitch 1996).Emboldened by the success of the above projects, Designer and local government are planning for massive overhaul of traditional way of city planning. They are looking at a way to plan new cities incorporating the entire above concept. China, one of the world most populous countries in the world, confront massive environmental problem. It has emerged as major industrial government agency but at a great cost. The environment degradation are so relentless that it is a cause for concern in china and could have international repercussions. Since pollution know no boundaries. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides prod uce by Chinas coal-fired power plants fall as acid rain on Seoul, South Korea, and Tokyo. Suspended particulate over Los Angeles city originates in China, according to the Journal of Geophysical investigate ( The New York Times.)The Shanghai Industrial Investment Corporation (SIIC) hired Arup in 2005, to design a city which would exclusively use sustainable energy (solar panels, wind turbines and bio-fuels), self-sufficient and reduce energy consumption by 66% in comparision to Shanghai. The eco-city of Dongtan, which is be located on the island of Chongming, not far from Shanghai will be one of the world largest eco-city to provide housing for 500,000 people from rural areas. The Dongtan city will cover about 8,800 hectares which is roughly equal to the size of Manhattan Island. Dongtan will have ecological footprint of 2.2 ha per person by means of a combination of behaviour change and energy efficiency which is very close to sterilise of sustainability of 1.9 ha set forth by Wo rld Wide Fund for Nature. China is also partnering with Singapore to build eco-city in Tianjin based on triad harmonies principles which are people-people, people-environment and people-economy. The 30-square-kilometer site is a wasted land and water scarcity area which will be built over a period of 15 years at a cost of around 50 billion yuan (S$10 billion). The criteria for selection of site are that it should be wasted land and water scarce area. First, restoring the jiyun river will be top priority for propose new city of 350,000. Renewable energy like solar and wind power, rain harvesting, wastewater treatment and desalination of sea water are some of the proposal. United Arab Emirates has planned to build the worlds most sustainable city, called Masdar City, initiatives of Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company. It is an determined project which will cost $22 billion to build a new, zero-emissions city for 50,000 residents in Abu Dhabi. The project is launched in 2007 and is desi gned by world far-famed British firm Foster + Partners, and received widespread coverage in the mainstream press. The propose new city will have new university, the Headquarters for Abu Dhabis Future Energy Company, special economic zones and an Innovation Center. According to the designer, Masdar eco-city is to be constructed in an energy efficient two-stage phase that depend on large photovoltaic power plant to meet energy needs, which later becomes the site for the citys second phas.. The city is a car free, with a maximum walking distance of 200m to the nearest transport link and amenities. The streets are compact to encourage walking and are complemented by a personalised rapid transport system. Due to it compactness, the walkway and streets are shaded creating a pedestrian-friendly environment. The city will have wind, photovoltaic farms, research fields and plantations, so that it is entirely self-sustaining. Masdar City will be built in seven phases, the premier of which i s the Masdar Institute, which is set to be completed in 2010. The citys phases will be progressively built over the next decade with the first phase reaching extent in 2013(Foster and Partner).The idea of a city without any waste, landfill, car, self contained or without any carbon emission seem very desirable for a city but for some sceptic it a utopian dream which will never materialise. Sceptics are questioning whether totally designing a new city is possible incorporating all the eco-city concepts due to time and cost involved. They are concern that it might just be a strategy used to shield from environmental criticism while countries like China and UAE continue to grow along the same unsustainable path. Countries like China and UAE are in a position to stock certificate such kind of projects and if it is successful it will create a precedent for other parts of the world as well.Unfortunately, Dongtan eco-city never materialise. Although, Chinese President Hu Juntao and stri ke major has shown keen interest in the project, the first phase of construction which is to be ready for Shanghai expo 2010 has not even started. The Dongtan eco-city in venom of being a government endeavour has failed to materialise. The mayor of shanghai is caught in corruption charges too.As for Masdar eco-city, work has already started for phase 1 as seen from fig 2 below. However, sceptics are concern that it might be just an isolated green in the desert where the rest of UAE proceed in the same line of big ecological footprint which is even bigger than United State. They are also apprehensive about the embodied energy used in buildings and fundament which are very high. The heavy dependent on technology for personal rapid transport and infrastructure is another issues. Since the technology for personal rapid transport is not fully developed and co-ordinating infrastructure with different agencies is difficult.